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1、 AP Environmental Science 2012 Free-Response Questions About the College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the
2、membership association is made up of more than 5,900 of the worlds leading educational institutions and is dedicated to promoting excellence and equity in education. Each year, the College Board helps more than seven million students prepare for a successful transition to college through programs an
3、d services in college readiness and college success including the SAT and the Advanced Placement Program. The organization also serves the education community through research and advocacy on behalf of students, educators, and schools. 2012 The College Board. College Board, Advanced Placement Progra
4、m, AP, AP Central, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. Admitted Class Evaluation Service and inspiring minds are trademarks owned by the College Board. All other products and services may be trademarks of their respective owners. Visit the College Board on the Web
5、: www.collegeboard.org. Permission to use copyrighted College Board materials may be requested online at: www.collegeboard.org/inquiry/cbpermit.html. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.org. AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. 2012
6、AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS 2012 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.org. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -2- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SECTION II Time90 minutes 4 Questions Directions: Answer all four questions, which are weighted equally; the suggested
7、time is about 22 minutes for answering each question. Write all your answers on the pages following the questions in this book. Where calculations are required, clearly show how you arrived at your answer. Where explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with relevant information an
8、d/or specific examples. 1. Read the following article from the Fremont Gazette and answer the questions that follow. (a) Identify and describe TWO water-related environmental problems associated with fracking. (b) Natural gas is considered to be a better fossil fuel for the environment than coal is.
9、 Discuss TWO environmental benefits of using natural gas as a fuel compared to using coal. (c) Describe TWO environmental drawbacks, not related to water use, of using the fracking process to extract natural gas from shale. (d) Describe one economic benefit to society of using fracking to obtain nat
10、ural gas from shale. (e) Nuclear power is an alternative to using natural gas or coal as a fuel for generating electricity. However, there are also problems associated with nuclear power plants. Describe TWO negative environmental impacts associated with nuclear power. 2012 AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
11、FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS 2012 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.org. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -3- 2. The Fremont School District uses oil to heat school buildings. Go Green! is a new project the district will implement. The superintendent has declared that the dis
12、trict will dedicate itself to reducing its carbon footprint. In addition to taking serious energy-conservation measures, the district is planning to help offset its carbon dioxide emissions by raising money to help conserve a portion of a large tract of forest land adjacent to the high school campus
13、. (a) Describe one alternative energy source that would reduce the carbon footprint of the school district. Discuss one environmental benefit (other than reduced CO2 emissions) and one environmental drawback of using the alternative source instead of fuel oil. (b) Identify TWO ecological benefits pr
14、ovided by intact forest ecosystems (other than reducing CO2 levels in the atmosphere). (c) Use the assumptions below to answer the questions that follow. For each calculation, show all work. The biomass of the forest increases at an annual rate of 2.7 105 kg/ha. The forest biomass is 50 percent carb
15、on by mass. Each year the district uses 3.0 105 gallons of fuel oil for heating and hot water. 10 kg of CO2 is produced when 1 gallon of fuel oil is burned. 1.0 kg of CO2 contains 0.27 kg of carbon. The cost of putting 1 ha of the forest into conservancy is $12,000. (i) Calculate the mass of carbon,
16、 in kg, that is accumulated and stored in 1.0 ha of forest in one year. (ii) Calculate the mass of carbon, in kg, that is emitted by the school as a result of its fuel-oil consumption in one year. (iii) Calculate the number of hectares of forest the school district needs to conserve in order to offset the carbon released in one year by the school burning its fuel oil. (iv) Calculate the amount of money the school district must raise for th
