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1、语法复习-句子成分一、句子成分v（一）句子成分的定义：v构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句 子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成 分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾 语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分意义义充当词类词类例句主语语表示句子说说的是什么人或什么 事名，代，数，不定 式，动动名词词，短语语或 句子We study in HuangQiao MiddleSchool.谓语谓语说说明主语语做什么，是什么或怎 么样样动词动词 或动词词组动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示动动作行为为的对对象同主语语Both of
2、us like English.表语语与联联系动词连动词连 用，一起构成谓谓 语语，说说明主语语的性质质或特征同主语语Her father is a chemist. His words sound reasonable.定语语用来修饰饰名词词或代词词形，代，数，名, 副，介词词短语语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语语修饰动词饰动词 ，形容词词，副词词，表 示动动作发发生的时间时间 ，地点，原 因，目的，方式，结结果等副词词，介词词短语语或句 子He works very hard. They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾
3、语 补补足语语逻辑逻辑 上与宾语宾语 是主谓谓关系形容词词，名词词，介词词 短语语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语语谓语 是基础础，宾宾表定状补辅补辅 助。宾宾主来自名代数，动词动词 作谓谓不可无！二）主语：v主语 (Subject)v是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。 但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问 词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词 或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数 词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主 语从句等表示。例如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has
4、 become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. （名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式） （动名词）（名词化的形容词）7.When we are going to have an English
5、 test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语 v谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的 特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语 之后。谓语的构成如下：v1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如 ：He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.v2、复合谓语： （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You
6、 may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（四）表语 v表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特 征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词 、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、 介词短语及表语从句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an America
7、n. （名词） 2.Is it yours?（代词） 3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词） 4.The speech is exciting.（分词） 5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式） 7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词 ） 8.The meeting is of great importance. （介词短语） 9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词） 10.The truth
8、 is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和 表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词 ，例如：He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状 况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念， 主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He seems (to
9、 be) very sad. 注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表 语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如： He became mad after that. 6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有 prove, turn out, 表达“证实“，“变成“之意， 例如： The rum
10、or proved false. His plan turned out a success. （五）宾语 v宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者， 一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.They helped the old with their
11、 housework yesterday. 5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）v宾语种类：v（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如： Lend me your dictionary, please. To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, thro
12、w等，例如 ：He sent the novel to William yesterday. For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother.v（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：vThey elected him their monitor.v下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, lear
13、n, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如 ： He refused to lend me his bike.v下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：John has admitted breaking the window .v下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾 语，但意义不同，如stop
14、, mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。（六）宾语补足语 v英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以 外，还要有一个宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。 带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动 词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名 词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短 语和从句充当。例如： 1.His father named him Dongming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.Let the fresh air in. 4.You mustnt force him
15、to lend his money to you. 5.We saw her entering the room. 6.We found everything in the lab in good order. 7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语） （现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）（七）定语 v修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定 语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示 ： 1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） 2.China is a devel
16、oping country; America is a developed country.（分 词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词） 4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. （不定式短语） 6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. （动名词） 7.He is reading an article about how to learn English. （介词短语） 8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons.(定语从句)（八）状语 v修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明
