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1、Managemengt Information SystemsBy a management information system,we propose the follow alternate definition: an integrated uer/machine system (usually computerized) for providing information to support decision making in an enterprise.The key elements of this definition are An integrated uer/machin
2、e system For proving informationTo support decision makingIn an enterpriseA management information system utilizesComputer hardware and softwareManual proceduresModels for analysisA databaseJust as there is a logical flow of materials in the creation of a product, there is logical flow of informatio
3、n in a management information system.In manufacturing,raw materials move through a process that transforms the raw materials into usable products. In a similar fashion, in an information system,data are supplied to a system(input), the data are manipulated(processed),and they are transformed into in
4、formation(output).In its simplest form ,a management information systemed may be depicted by an input-process-output(IPO) model (Fig.10.1). An understanding of this model is worthwhile becaue it can be used to represent all MISs.Note in that figure that the MIS, through its processing technology (of
5、 collecting, coding,storing,processing,decoding,and reporting), transforms the data coming into an enterprise into usable information.Fig.10.1 An Input-Process-Output Medel of a Management Information SystemWe may further enhance our understanding of management information systems by discussing thei
6、r general function and major elements. These systems exist in most enterprises, whether public or private, primarily to assist management in improving revenues, reducing costs and managing assets. Therefore, improving the performance of an enterprise is the ultimate objective of management infoemati
7、on systems- not the storage of data, the generation of reports,or even”getting the right information to the right person at the right time.” And MIS can best improve an enterprises performance by helping to improve the quality of managerial decisions.Transaction processing (TP), reporting systems(RS
8、), and decision-support InputsTransforation ProcessOutputsInformationProcessingTechnologyDatasystems(DSS) are the major elements of a management infortion system.The primary role of TP in an enterprise is the collection, storage,and processing of data in such a way that transactions within an enterp
9、rise are described and thus the procedural actions of the enterprise supported .More specifically, a TP system may be viewed as a computer-based means of capturing transaction so that may be recreated. The out of a transaction-processing system includes stored transaction images, documents needed by
10、 an enterprise to fulfill its mainstream purposes(invoices,production orders,shipping orders,purchase orders, mailing lists, pay checks, work orders,and so forth), and listings of transaction that have occurred over a period of time (for confirmation or references).Reporting systems(RS) and decision
11、-support systems (DSS) often are confused with each other and thus misunderstood. Yet, each has a clear orientation. And distinctions may be drawn in terms of their areas of impact on the payoff to an enterprise and their relevance to a manager. So an RS provides standardized reports based on well-k
12、nown policies, procedures, and rules. And a DSS provides information to help management with new , unstructured decision making.A pyramid may be used to illustrate the dimensions of an information system(Fig.10.2).The vertical dimension represents the levels of management (first-line, middle, and to
13、p management) , and the horizontal dimension represents the main functional areas of a business firm (for example, marketing, production, and finace).The depth dimension indicates the major management information systems that provide support for managerial activities: the structured and required rep
14、orting systems(RS) and decisionmaking system(DSS) . These dimensions rest on a base of transactions processing(TP). Fig.10.2 The Dimension of a Management Information SystemAs the figure illustrates, RS and DSS (drawing on the TP system ) are utilized at all managerial levels and acress all function
15、 areas . There, it is te management information system(of TP ,RS ,and DSS ) that integrates both the level of management and functional areas .To further demonstrate how the subsystems fit together, the definition of MIS is recreated in the following table , with the components of MIS related to the
16、 defintional frame work.Table10.1 Definition of Management Information System (MIS)Transaction PocessingFinance ProductionMarketing MISDSSManagerialLexelsMIS SubsystemsA management information system is .An integrated user/machine system .Computer, models.For providing information .System output.To support decision making .MIS.DSS.OR/MS. In an enterprise .Frameworkforthe informationThe system utilizes.Computer hardware and software .Computer syste
