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1、EllipsisEllipsis（省略）（省略）一个句子中某些部分被省略掉了，这种情况在语法中被称作省略。省略的目的也是为 了避免重复，使语言精练。大体上来说，被省略的部分是上文已出现过的词语或被省略的 部分，并非上文出现的内容， 但是在意义上是不言自明的。 1. 简单句中的省略 1) 省略主语。例如： “Get up.” （省略了主语 you） （祈使句中的主语通常被省略。 ） 其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。例如： Thank you for your help. （省略了主语 I） Doesnt matter. （省略了主语 it） 2) 省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。例如： No sm
2、oking. （省略了主谓语 There is） Have a cup of tea? （省略了主语及谓语的助动词部分 will you） 3) 省略宾语。例如：Do you know Mr. Smith? I dont know. （省略了宾语 him） 4) 省略表语。例如： Are you hungry? Yes, I am.（省略了表语 hungry） 5) 同时省略几个成分。例如： Are you feeling better now? Much better. （省略了 I am feeling now） Have you finished your work? Not yet.
3、（省略了 I have finished my work ） 6) 其它省略结构。例如： (1) 名词所有格所修饰的名词，表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出 过的事物时，常常可以省略。例如：We spent the weekend at the Smiths. (2) What 和 How 引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和 be 动词。例如：What a wonderful victory (it is) for her! (3) 不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号 to 代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend
4、, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish 等后边。例如：I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to. A. 在 have, need, ought, be going, used 等后。例如：I didnt want to go there, but I had to. B. 在某些形容词 glad, happy, pleased, delighted 等后。例如：Will you join us? I should love to. C. 如不定式中有 be, h
5、ave, have been, 则常保留 be, have, have been。 例如：Are you a sailor? No, but I used to be.He hasnt finished yet. Well, he ought to have. 但是， (1) 当前面句子中出现的是复合助动词时，在省略句中只需保留一个。You wouldnt have won if I hadnt helped you. I would, I think. (2) 当后一个句子中的助动词不同于前句的助动词时，则应重复。例如：I think Mary should be told. She has
6、 been. (3) 当 be 和 have 作实义动词时，其后的有关成分可以省去。例如：I am tired. I am, too. 但其它动词则不可以这样。例如：Do you like the play? 不可以回答：Yes, I like. 而应该说: Yes, I like it / I do. 2. 并列句中的省略 如果后一个句中含有与前面一个句子相同的部分，我们通常将此予以省略。具体地说， 有下面三种情况： 7) 相同主语或宾语的省略。例如： He sang and (he) played the guitar. （省略主语） John washed (his own shirt)
7、 and ironed his own shirt. （省略宾语） 8) 相同谓语的省略。例如：I havent read this book yet but I will (read it) later. Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested. 但如果 be, have 和 do 在前一个句中作主要动词，而在后一个分句中用作助动词， 这时后一个分句中的助动词不可以省去。例如：Jim was late and was expl
8、aining himself. Jane has a good memory and has recited all the poems we taught her last night. 9) 相同表语的省略。例如：Peter has recently become (a hard-working students), and his brother always was, a hard-working students. 3. 主从句中的省略 10) 定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 that, which, whom 常可以省略；当先行词是 time, reason, place 是作状语的关
9、系副词 when, why, where 也可省去。例如：This is the first time (when) he had trouble with the boss. 11) 宾语从句中的省略 在以疑问代词和疑问副词引导的宾语从句中，如该宾语从句涉及的是上下文所谈 的内容，有时可以省去宾语从句中除疑问词以外的部分，而意思不受影响。例如：The doctor believed something was wrong with Mikes chest and he was trying to find out what (was wrong with Mikes chest). You
10、promised to buy a new dress for Mary.Yes, I did. But I didnt say when (I would buy it). 12) 一般状语从句中的省略。 (1) 如果状语从句中的主语与主句的主语相同，而谓语又含有动词 be（包括连系 动词和助动词） ，这时可以把从句的主语和 be 动词一同省去。例如：While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called. Though (he was) tired, the little girl kept on studying. (
11、2) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略。Her father told her to be careful when crossing the street. (3) 用 so 或 not 代替上文内容，用 if so / not 的省略句式:Get up early tomorrow. If not, you will miss the first bus. 13) 比较状语从句中的省略 (4) 如从句中含有与主句相同的成分，通常仅保留参与比较的部分（即：比较的 另一方） ，省略其它成分。例如：Steam takes up more space than water (ta
12、kes). We are more confident than (we have) ever (been). (5) 如从句中含有先行主语 it 时，通常省略 it 和其指代部分（名词性从句或不 定式） 。例如：He spent more money than (it) was intended (that he should spend). You arrived earlier than (it was) usual / necessary (for you to arrive). (6) 比较状语从句中的宾语一般情况下不可省略，如： James enjoyed the movie mo
13、re than Susan enjoyed it. 不能省略 it。 但是，当谓语动词为动词替代词 do 时，宾语可以省略。例如：He speaks English as well as his teacher does.练习：练习： 一、单项选择。一、单项选择。1. Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? I _, but I had an unexpected visitor. A. hadB. wouldC. was going toD. did 2. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge, an
14、d I cant remember _. A. whereB. thereC. whichD. that 3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _ whether he was going in the right direction. A. seeingB. having seenC. to have seenD. to see 4. Tom, did Mr. Li join you in your discussion? No, he _, but he happened to have fallen ill. A
15、. would like to B. was to haveC. willD. was going to join 5. _, I think, and the problems could be settled. A. If you double your efforts B. So long as you keep up your spirits C. Making greater efforts D. A bit more efforts6. Have you been here long? _. A. No, not veryB. Not muchC. Yes, only little
16、D. No, only yesterday 7. Have you fed the dog? No, but _. A. I amB. ImC. Im just going toD. Im just going 8. I asked him to go to the concert, but he didnt _. A. wantB. want itC. want toD. want to go 9. Alice feels better today. I think she _. A. willB. will beC. doesD. does so 10. He may not be at home, then _
