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1、EllipsisEllipsis(省略)(省略)一个句子中某些部分被省略掉了,这种情况在语法中被称作省略。省略的目的也是为 了避免重复,使语言精练。大体上来说,被省略的部分是上文已出现过的词语或被省略的 部分,并非上文出现的内容, 但是在意义上是不言自明的。 1. 简单句中的省略 1) 省略主语。例如: “Get up.” (省略了主语 you) (祈使句中的主语通常被省略。 ) 其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。例如: Thank you for your help. (省略了主语 I) Doesnt matter. (省略了主语 it) 2) 省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。例如: No sm
2、oking. (省略了主谓语 There is) Have a cup of tea? (省略了主语及谓语的助动词部分 will you) 3) 省略宾语。例如:Do you know Mr. Smith? I dont know. (省略了宾语 him) 4) 省略表语。例如: Are you hungry? Yes, I am.(省略了表语 hungry) 5) 同时省略几个成分。例如: Are you feeling better now? Much better. (省略了 I am feeling now) Have you finished your work? Not yet.
3、(省略了 I have finished my work ) 6) 其它省略结构。例如: (1) 名词所有格所修饰的名词,表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出 过的事物时,常常可以省略。例如:We spent the weekend at the Smiths. (2) What 和 How 引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语 it 和 be 动词。例如:What a wonderful victory (it is) for her! (3) 不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号 to 代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend
4、, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish 等后边。例如:I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to. A. 在 have, need, ought, be going, used 等后。例如:I didnt want to go there, but I had to. B. 在某些形容词 glad, happy, pleased, delighted 等后。例如:Will you join us? I should love to. C. 如不定式中有 be, h
5、ave, have been, 则常保留 be, have, have been。 例如:Are you a sailor? No, but I used to be.He hasnt finished yet. Well, he ought to have. 但是, (1) 当前面句子中出现的是复合助动词时,在省略句中只需保留一个。You wouldnt have won if I hadnt helped you. I would, I think. (2) 当后一个句子中的助动词不同于前句的助动词时,则应重复。例如:I think Mary should be told. She has
6、 been. (3) 当 be 和 have 作实义动词时,其后的有关成分可以省去。例如:I am tired. I am, too. 但其它动词则不可以这样。例如:Do you like the play? 不可以回答:Yes, I like. 而应该说: Yes, I like it / I do. 2. 并列句中的省略 如果后一个句中含有与前面一个句子相同的部分,我们通常将此予以省略。具体地说, 有下面三种情况: 7) 相同主语或宾语的省略。例如: He sang and (he) played the guitar. (省略主语) John washed (his own shirt)
7、 and ironed his own shirt. (省略宾语) 8) 相同谓语的省略。例如:I havent read this book yet but I will (read it) later. Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested. 但如果 be, have 和 do 在前一个句中作主要动词,而在后一个分句中用作助动词, 这时后一个分句中的助动词不可以省去。例如:Jim was late and was expl
8、aining himself. Jane has a good memory and has recited all the poems we taught her last night. 9) 相同表语的省略。例如:Peter has recently become (a hard-working students), and his brother always was, a hard-working students. 3. 主从句中的省略 10) 定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 that, which, whom 常可以省略;当先行词是 time, reason, place 是作状语的关
9、系副词 when, why, where 也可省去。例如:This is the first time (when) he had trouble with the boss. 11) 宾语从句中的省略 在以疑问代词和疑问副词引导的宾语从句中,如该宾语从句涉及的是上下文所谈 的内容,有时可以省去宾语从句中除疑问词以外的部分,而意思不受影响。例如:The doctor believed something was wrong with Mikes chest and he was trying to find out what (was wrong with Mikes chest). You
10、promised to buy a new dress for Mary.Yes, I did. But I didnt say when (I would buy it). 12) 一般状语从句中的省略。 (1) 如果状语从句中的主语与主句的主语相同,而谓语又含有动词 be(包括连系 动词和助动词) ,这时可以把从句的主语和 be 动词一同省去。例如:While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called. Though (he was) tired, the little girl kept on studying. (
11、2) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略。Her father told her to be careful when crossing the street. (3) 用 so 或 not 代替上文内容,用 if so / not 的省略句式:Get up early tomorrow. If not, you will miss the first bus. 13) 比较状语从句中的省略 (4) 如从句中含有与主句相同的成分,通常仅保留参与比较的部分(即:比较的 另一方) ,省略其它成分。例如:Steam takes up more space than water (ta
12、kes). We are more confident than (we have) ever (been). (5) 如从句中含有先行主语 it 时,通常省略 it 和其指代部分(名词性从句或不 定式) 。例如:He spent more money than (it) was intended (that he should spend). You arrived earlier than (it was) usual / necessary (for you to arrive). (6) 比较状语从句中的宾语一般情况下不可省略,如: James enjoyed the movie mo
13、re than Susan enjoyed it. 不能省略 it。 但是,当谓语动词为动词替代词 do 时,宾语可以省略。例如:He speaks English as well as his teacher does.练习:练习: 一、单项选择。一、单项选择。1. Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? I _, but I had an unexpected visitor. A. hadB. wouldC. was going toD. did 2. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge, an
14、d I cant remember _. A. whereB. thereC. whichD. that 3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _ whether he was going in the right direction. A. seeingB. having seenC. to have seenD. to see 4. Tom, did Mr. Li join you in your discussion? No, he _, but he happened to have fallen ill. A
15、. would like to B. was to haveC. willD. was going to join 5. _, I think, and the problems could be settled. A. If you double your efforts B. So long as you keep up your spirits C. Making greater efforts D. A bit more efforts6. Have you been here long? _. A. No, not veryB. Not muchC. Yes, only little
16、D. No, only yesterday 7. Have you fed the dog? No, but _. A. I amB. ImC. Im just going toD. Im just going 8. I asked him to go to the concert, but he didnt _. A. wantB. want itC. want toD. want to go 9. Alice feels better today. I think she _. A. willB. will beC. doesD. does so 10. He may not be at home, then _