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1、南京航空航天大学金城学院南京航空航天大学金城学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系部系部经济系专业专业国际经济与贸易学生姓名学生姓名陈雅琼学号学号2011051115指导教师指导教师邓晶职称职称副教授2015 年5 月Economic policy, tourism trade and productive diversification（Excerpt）Iza Lejrraga ,Peter WalkenhorstThe broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tour
2、ismlinkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-facetedapproach influenced by a variety of country conditions. Among these, fixed orsemi-fixed factors of production, such as land, labor, or capital, seem to have arelativelyminorinfluence.Withinthedomainofnaturalendowments,o
3、nlyagricultural capital emerged as significant. This is a result that corresponds toexpectations, given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in thetourism economy. Hence, investments in agricultural technology may foment linkageswith the tourism market. It is also worth mentioni
4、ng that for significant backwardlinkages to emerge with local agriculture, a larger scale of tourism may be important.According to the regression results, a strong tourismagriculture nexus will notnecessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand.It appears that variables related to the entrepr
5、eneurial capital of the hosteconomy are of notable explanatory significance. The human development index (HDI),which is used to measure a countrys general level of development, is significantlyand positively associated with tourism linkages. One plausible explanation for thisis that international to
6、urists, who often originate in high-income countries, mayfeel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country thathas a life-style to which they can relate easily. Moreover, it is important to rememberthat the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the le
7、vel ofhealth and education of the population. Therefore, a higher HDI reflects a healthierand more educated workforce, and thus, the quality of local entrepreneurship. Relatedto this point, it is important to underscore that the level of participation of womenin the host economy also has a significa
8、ntly positive effect on linkages. In sum,enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism andother sectors of the host country.Formal institutions and their regulatory control of the market, proxied by thesize of the government and price controls, were not found to hav
9、e significant effectson linkages formation. Despite the importance of democratic governance, this was notidentified as a key determinant either. On the other hand, the significance ofinformal institutions accords with the clustering dynamics inherent in tourism, inwhich linkages are formed on the ba
10、sis of self-enforcing “relations-based”governance.Also,informalstructurescostlessthanformal,rules-driveninstitutionalframeworksforentrepreneurship.Therefore,highlyformalizedregulations can deter the spontaneous and cost-driven coordination among potentiallocal suppliers and the potential buyers of t
11、he tourism economy.One type of formal institutions that does matter is policing and vigilance. Aswould be expected, the results show that countries with higher incidence of violenceor crime are significantly associated with lower levels of tourism linkages. Indeed,the coordination of providers in to
12、urism clusters depends fundamentally on trustamonglocalentrepreneursandtrustcanhardlyflourishinanenvironmentcharacterized by social conflict. Equally important, the perception of violence onthe part of tourists and hotels will dissuade tourists from venturing beyond the safeboundaries of the “enclav
13、e” hotel resort. Finally, hotel managers and other foreigninvestors in the tourism economy will be less inclined to maintain productiverelations with the host economy in the absence of predictability and stability.Therefore, investments in institutions that maintain safety and a perception ofsafety,
14、 in the host economy appear critical for spawning coordination.While all country domains may be playing a role in fostering or hindering linkages,the business environment seems to exert an overriding influence on linkages. Aftercontrollingforacountrysnaturalendowments,levelofdevelopment,andinstituti
15、onal maturity, the business environment on its own explains almost 20% ofcross-country variations in linkages. In particular, the level of corporate taxesin the host economy is associated with the most significant adverse effect on theformation of linkages, in conformity with the lower-cost motivati
16、on underlyingtourism-ledlinkagecreation.Also,awidespreadusageofinternetisalsosignificantly associated with a positive effect in the ability of suppliers toorchestrate coordination in tourism linkages.Moreover, the results suggest that there could be a role for government inimproving trade facilitation and reducing transportation costs. Also, maintainingan open trade regime seems to be critical for the emergence of linkages. Thisunderscores the importance of not protecting inefficient econo
