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1、英语思维与汉语思维翻译：我已经结婚了，去年结婚的，到现在结婚一年多了。 I am married. I got married last year. Ive been married for over a year.英文中有“动作action”与“状态state”的区分。 以及时态方面的问题。 英语的静态特征 “静态与动态”，英语倾向于多用名词，因此呈静态，汉语倾向于多用动词，因而呈动态。英语的静态特征具体说来有四点。第一，名词化是英语常见的现象。 “他很不开心，引起大家也不开心” He was unhappy, so others felt unhappy too. His unhappin
2、ess made/infected others unhappy. He arrived so early, and I was quite surprised. His early arrival surprised me. 同时汉语常用人作主语而英语多用物作主语。 比如一篇六级模拟题范文中有这样一句话： Video games could do us harm without our knowing it， If proper attention is not paid to their side effects. “他最终失败了” At last he failed. At last a
3、ll his efforts were in vain. He was outstanding among his colleagues because he worked very hard. His hard work/ efforts made him outstanding among his colleagues.第二，用名词表示作动作的发出者（施事者），以代替动词。 “他七十多了，但能吃能睡。” He still could eat and sleep. He was still a good eater and a good sleeper. “这位老师上课上得不好，我们都盼着早
4、点下课。” This teacher is not a good one, so we are eager to finish his class as earlier as possible. In this teachers class, we are all clock-watchers. 所以下次你要夸别人篮球打得好，记着可以怎么写： He is a good/professional basketball player.第三， 名词的优势造成介词的优势。 “有人给他撑腰。” Someone supports him. He has someone behind him. “说完这些话
5、，她就走开了。” After she finished her words, she went away. With these words she went away. “这本书太难了，我看不懂” “This book is too difficult for me to understand it“The book is totally beyond/above me .” 第四，动词的弱化与虚化。我们可用一些虚化动词（have, make, take, do）加上它的名词意义。 比如 look have a look, take a look walkhave a walk, take
6、a walk visit pay a visit toattempt make attemptsdamage do some damages to 比如：“Tom与老板吵架之后，就辞职了。” After Tom had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit.After Tom quarreled with his boss, Jack quit. 喜用名词，是现代英文固有现象。但千万切记，名词的使用要适当，并非所有地方名词优于动词，万不可滥用。况且，近年来英美不少学者认为名词的滥用造成英语缺乏生气。如果考生能够把握分寸，适当使用名词确也不失为写作之上策。 思维方
7、式制约着表达习惯。思维是写作活动的基础；写作不仅是语言活动，而且是思维活动（Kelly，1963）。汉式思维模式是形象的、直观的，在语言上，汉语用词倾向于具体，常常以实的形式表达虚的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的内容，而英式思维则是概括的、抽象的（连淑能，1993）。汉语较少使用表示抽象概念的名词，而较多地使用具有实指意义的具体名词，如“望梅止渴”中的“梅”与“渴”；英语常常使用抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念。具体词汇与概括词汇的问题 英语倾向于使用表达同类事物的整体词语来表达具体事物或现象，用词具体细腻；汉语多用表示整体概念的词，用词概括模糊。 学生受汉语的影响，通常用表示概括的词加上各种副词的
8、方式，构成“动词+副词（ly）”结构， 比如，“走得很快” “walk quickly”； “跑得很快” “run quickly”。 英语中表示各种走姿的词汇很丰富，例如，stroll, trudge, plod, march, stalk, toddle, stagger等。 例如：That was a very wonderful movie. instructive或者moving等较为具体的词汇更符合英语表达习惯。 词语搭配问题 “我们在学校里学习各种知识” learn knowledge acquire, gain, obtain, gather等词汇与knowledge搭配；le
9、arn只能与something或某一学科搭配使用。 吃苹果，吃食堂，吃现成饭 (to eat an apple)， (to have ones meal in the dining hall)， (to lead an idle life)例如：“Mary won Jane in the speech contest.” “win“和“beat“都可表示“赢”，但“赢了一场比赛”应用 “win“，而“赢了某人”则应用“beat“。 句法方面英语动词的时体范畴极为丰富。英语句子的人称、数量、时态、语态、情态均受制于时空，在句子结构上有比较严格的规则、次序，而且要求形式一致；而汉语语言形式是根据表
10、达的需要来建构句式，要求并不严格（熊沐清，2001）。Ted: Where did you learn to Rollerblade(轮滑）?Anna: Here in the park. This is only my second time.Ted: Well, its my first time. Can you give me some lesson?Anna: Sure. Just follow me.(after a while)Ted: Hey, that was fun. Thanks for the lesson! 连接词的问题 英语重形合，即注重运用各种有形的连接手段达到语
11、言形式的完整，句法功能呈外现形； 而汉语重意合，即语言表现形式由意念引导，句法功能呈隐含形式。 在英语和大多数印欧语言中，句子的从属关系大多是用连接词if，because，although，while等明确表达出来。 例如，People learn English to use it. Some learn it to study or work abroad. Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners. 则改进为
12、：People learn English for practical purposes: some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.文章读起来就通顺很多。 Li Im asking IF you drink. Do you think Id offer alcohol to teenage drivers taking my daughter out? I have been coming to Beijing for fourteen year
13、s.用短暂动词的完成进行时来表示到目前为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。 三大基本从句 主语 主语从句 宾语 宾语从句 表语 表语从句 同位语 同位语从句 定语 定语从句 状语 状语从句 一 名词从句 名词从句的本质-三种句子充当四种成分 所谓名词从句，就是把完整的句子当作名词来使用。一般来讲，名词在句中充当四种成分：主语，表语，宾语和同位语。 能够相当于名词作用的句子：陈述句，一般疑问句，特殊疑问句。 The book is interesting.What I am reading is interesting. No one knows exactly the life on other
14、planets.No one knows exactly whether there is life on other planets.English is a useful tool.English is what I like among all subjects.I love the novel, The old Man and the Sea.I love the saying that love , not time heals all wounds. Concerns were raised _ witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate
15、 their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.（考研真题） A. what B. when C. which D. that同位语从句与其先行词分开 人们日益担心，证人可能会因此受到鼓励，在法庭上夸大其词以保证陪审团作出有罪审判。 1.1 主语从句 That引导的主语从句 That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.That the plates(地球板块) are moving is not beyond dispute.更常见的是it作形式主语置于句首的形式。 It be + 过去分词/形容词+that从句 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程相比，这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训
