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1、 Position Statement on VITAMIN D (Approved by the Board of Directors November 1, 2008 Amended by the Board of Directors June 19, 2009 Amended by the Board of Directors November 14, 2009) The American Academy of Dermatology recommends that an adequate amount of vitamin D should be obtained from a hea
2、lthy diet that includes foods naturally rich in vitamin D, foods/beverages fortified with vitamin D, and/or vitamin D supplements. Vitamin D should not be obtained from unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Unprotected UV exposure to the sun or indoor tanning devices is a known risk fa
3、ctor for the development of skin cancer.1 o Studies have shown that UV radiation from both the sun and tanning devices can cause oncogenic mutations in skin cells.2,3 Use of sunbeds has also been associated with increased risk for melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma.4 There is no scientifically val
4、idated, safe threshold level of UV exposure from the sun or indoor tanning devices that allows for maximal vitamin D synthesis without increasing skin cancer risk. To protect against skin cancer, a comprehensive photoprotective regimen, including the regular use and proper use of a broad-spectrum su
5、nscreen, is recommended.5 The Academy also recommends that physicians should provide information on options for obtaining sufficient dietary or supplementary sources of vitamin D to their patients who are at high risk for vitamin D insufficiency. Many epidemiological studies suggest an association b
6、etween low serum vitamin D levels and increased risk of certain types of cancers, neurologic disease, autoimmune disease and cardiovascular disease.7-15 o It should be emphasized that the causal relationship of vitamin D to these diseases has yet to be demonstrated with clinical trials. A blood test
7、 to measure serum vitamin D level, expressed as the 25- hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH)D, is widely available.16 o Further research is needed to determine the appropriate serum concentration of vitamin D required for overall good health.17 Position Statement on Vitamin D Page 2 of 4 The National Academy of
8、Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines for vitamin D are a standard reference for advising patients on proper minimal intake levels.18 o The IOM is currently reviewing the recommended adequate intake levels, and these guidelines may be revised upward due to evolving research on the increasi
9、ng clinical benefit of vitamin D. Current IOM Adequate Intake (AI) Recommendations for Vitamin D18 Age Children Men Women Pregnancy Lactation Birth to 13 years 5 mcg (200 IU) 14-50 years 5 mcg (200 IU) 5 mcg (200 IU) 5 mcg (200 IU) 5 mcg (200 IU) 51-70 years 10 mcg (400 IU) 10 mcg (400 IU) 71+ years
10、 15 mcg (600 IU) 15 mcg (600 IU) A higher dose of vitamin D intake, through a combination of diet and supplementation, may be necessary for individuals with known risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency (e.g. dark skin individuals, elderly persons, photosensitive individuals, people with limited su
11、n exposure, obese individuals or those with fat malabsorption).19-20 o A daily total dose of 1000 IU (International Units) of vitamin D for these at- risk groups has been discussed in the current US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Dietary Guidelines.21 o The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) cur
12、rent recommendation of 400 IU/day for children age 0-18 years should be considered.22 o For vitamin D supplementation, vitamin D3, the natural form of vitamin D, is preferable over vitamin D2.23 Adults who regularly and properly practice photoprotection may also be at risk for vitamin D insufficienc
13、y, and may be considered for a daily total dose of 1000 IU vitamin D. 1 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Report on carcinogens, 11th ed: Exposure to sunlamps or sunbeds. 2 Melnikova VO, Ananthaswamy HN. Cellular and molecular events le
14、ading to the development of skin cancer. Mutat Res 2005; 571(1-2):91-106. 3 Whitmore SE, Morison WL, Potten CS, Chadwick C. Tanning salon exposure and molecular alterations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44:775-80. 4 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Working Group on artificial ultraviolet (UV
15、) light and skin cancer. The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancer: A systematic review. Int J Cancer 2007; 120(5):1116-22. Position Statement on Vitamin D Page 3 of 4 5 van der Pols JC, Williams GM, Pandeya N, Logan V, Green AC. Prolonged prevention o
16、f squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by regular sunscreen use. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15(12):2546-8. 7 Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr SB, Lipkin M, et al. Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: a quantitative meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med 2007; 32:210-6. 8 Feskanich D, Ma J, Fuchs CS, Kirkner GJ, Hankinson SE, Holli
