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1、外语下载中心 http:/ 第 1 页20082008 届高考英语写作辅导材料（一）届高考英语写作辅导材料（一）句法总论句法总论一、句子的成分与句子结构：一、句子的成分与句子结构： （一）主语是句子中所要说的人或事物，是句子的主要成分，不可缺少。 1)The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. (名词作主语) 2)He sent me an E-mail last Friday. (代词作主语) 3)It is a rule for my mother to go shopping on Sundays. (不定式短语作主语) 4)Readi
2、ng the texts aloud is especially important for Senior Three students. (动名词短语作主语) 5)What the teacher said is very funny. (从句作主语) （二）谓语是说明主语的动作或状态，是句子的主要成分，不可缺少，在主语之后。 1)They said nothing, looking coldly at the teacher in charge of the class. (及物动词作谓语) 2)Classes begin at seven today, we must get up qu
3、ickly. (不及物动词作谓语) 3)We dont have classes at weekends after reducing learning load. (助动词 + 动词作谓语) 4)I was really anxious. You shouldnt have left without a word. (情态动词 + 动词作谓语) 5)The leaves have turned yellow in autumn. (联系动词 + 表语作谓语) （三）表语用在联系动词的后面，表示主语的身份、性质和特征，位于连系动词之后；系动词与表语一起构 成谓语。 1)Walt Disney
4、was a famous cartoon-maker. （名词作表语） 2)The days in summer are getting hotter and hotter these years. (形容词作表语) 3)The computer in the room is hers. (代词作表语) 4)My greatest wish is to enter Qinghua University. (不定式短语作表语) 5)Her job is looking after the babies. （动名词短语作表语） 6)The audience was moved by the mov
5、ing play. (分词作表语) 7)This is what I want to say. (从句作表语) （四）宾语是及物动词涉及的对象，介词后面的对象也是宾语，称为介词宾语。宾语在及物动词或介词后面。 有少数动词可以带双宾语。 1)John doesnt like football but he likes music very much. （名词作宾语） 2)Weve worked out a plan. But Im uncertain whether it will do in practice. （名词作介词的宾语） 3)Tom is a kind man. He is alw
6、ays ready to help others. （代词作宾语） 4)Stop reading and read after me, please. (动名词作宾语) 5)I succeeded in persuading the teacher to give me a day off. (动名词短语作介词的宾语) 6)Dont forget to turn off the lights when you leave the room. (不定式短语作宾语) 7)The doctor did what he could to save the dying patient. (从句作宾语)
7、8)Ill find you a good chance as long as you wont lose heart. （间接宾语和直接宾语） 9)She promised me a nice gift on Christmas Day. （间接宾语和直接宾语） （五）宾语补足语补充说明宾语，使句子意思更加完整。当句子变成被动语态时则称为主语补足语。宾语补 足语一般置于宾语之后。 1)Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work. （名词作宾补） 2)What he said made his father happy. （形容词作
8、宾补） 3)I asked Jim to attend my birthday party. （不定式短语作宾补） 4)He made me do the work all by myself. (省略 to 的不定式短语作宾补) 5)Dont have the horse running all the way. (现在分词作宾补) 6)Ill go and get the chair repaired. (过去分词作宾补) （六）定语修饰或限制名词或代词。单词作定语，一般放在被修饰的词语之前；短语或从句作定语，一般放 在修饰语之后。 1)Grammar is not a set of de
9、ad rules. （形容词作定语） 2)It is a coffee cup. （名词作定语） 3)Our teachers hair has turned grey. （名词所有格作定语） 4)My students corrected each others mistakes in their classroom. (代词作定语) 5)Be quiet, boys and girls! I have something important to tell you. （不定式短语作定语）外语下载中心 http:/ 第 2 页6)There is a sleeping chair befor
10、e the window. （动名词作定语） 7)I saw a sleeping baby in the room. There is a broken glass beside the bed. (分词作定语) 8)The workers working in the department will go on holiday. (分词短语作定语) 9)There are fifty-six students in our class. (数词作定语) 10) The woman with a book in his hand is our English teacher. （with 的
11、复合结构作定语） 11) The man to whom you spoke is my neighbour. （从句作定语） （七）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。 1)Our monitor studies hard. （副词作状语） 2)They started early (in order) to get to the station on time. （不定式短语作目的状语） 3)To be a teacher of the people, one must first be their pupil. （目的状语放在句首更好） 4)The old man lived to s
12、ee the rapid development of our country. (不定式短语作结果状语) 5)Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. （过去分词短语作状语） 6)Looking out of the window, I saw many birds flying in the sky. (现在分词短语作状语) 7)Mr. Brown slept with the windows open. (with 的复合结构作状语) 8)Well go outing if it is fine tomor
13、row. （从句作状语）二、句子的定义和分类二、句子的定义和分类 （一）句子的定义：句子是用来描述一件事情，表达一个思想，提出一个问题，它是有一定的语法结构语法结构排列 组成的。独立主格结构不能看作句子。 The football is in the box. 足球在箱子里放着。 The key having been lost, she could not enter the room. 钥匙丢了，她进不了房间。 （二）句子的分类 根据句子的结构来分，句子可分为：简单句、并列句、复合句简单句、并列句、复合句。英语中的任何书面句子都应该是三类句 型中的一类，如果一个句子不属于这三类句子，则是一
14、个错句。 1、简单句：、简单句：句中只含有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语的句子叫做简单句。 I study English every day. （一个主谓结构） My mother and I went out and bought a lot of things. （一个主谓结构） 2、并列句：、并列句：由并列连词或分号把两个以上(含两个)的简单句连在一起的句子叫做并列句。在并列句中， 各个简单句意思完整，不受其他简单句的影响。常见的并列连词有 but, and, so, while, for, or, otherwise, whereas 等。 These flowers are
15、 white；those flowers are red。 （两个主谓结构，分号连接） I am a worker while my brother is a professor. （两个主谓结构，并列连词连接） 3、复合句：、复合句：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。凡是带有名词从句， 状语从句和定语从句的句子都属于复合句。 Whether he comes or not doesnt make any difference to me . （名词从句） I was doing my homework when my father came back.（状语从句
16、） Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government. （定语从句）20082008 届高考英语写作辅导材料（二）届高考英语写作辅导材料（二）观点式写作的常见表达方式观点式写作的常见表达方式一、高级句法结构一、高级句法结构 （1）There is no doubt that 毫无疑问， （2）To a large extent, ；to some degree/extent, 在很大(一定)程度上， （3）As a proverb says；As a saying goes, 正如谚语说得好， （4）Its known to us that；As is known to all, 众所周知， （5）Its high time that早该 （6）No one can deny that没有人可以否认 （
