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1、The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during themultistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressor
2、s, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. Underlying these hallmarks are genome instability,which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple hall-mark funct
3、ions. Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks ofpotential generality to this listreprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction. In addition to cancer cells, tumors exhibit another dimension of complexity: they contain a repertoire of recruited, ost
4、ensibly normal cells that contribute to the acquisition of hall-mark traits by creating the tumor microenvironment. Recognition of the widespread applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of new means to treat human cancer.肿瘤在形成过程中会逐渐产生六个生物学特点。这些特点解释了这些肿瘤疾病的复杂性。这六个特点分别是：持续的细胞增生信持续的细胞增生信号的产生号的产生、避免生长抑制避免生长抑制、阻止细胞死亡阻止细胞死亡、保证细胞永生保证细胞永生、诱导血诱导血管形成管形成、激活肿瘤侵袭性和转移性激活肿瘤侵袭性和转移性。在这些特点之下，肿瘤的根本的问题还是基因组的不稳定性基因组的不稳定性，这一特点让人群中产生了基因多态基因多态性性，保证了机体患有肿瘤、炎症等的基础，保证了肿瘤的六大特点。近年来，学者们又发现了两个肿瘤新生的特点新生的特点，也就是：能量代谢和避免免疫损伤。除了肿瘤细胞之外，肿瘤组织还会招募一些外表上正常的细胞来产生肿瘤微环境。对肿瘤特性的理解将有助于我们以后发明一些治疗肿瘤的新方法。
