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1、“英语国家概况 ”精讲笔记Chapter 1 第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles Great Britain and England. 地理名称不列颠群岛大不列颠和英格兰。2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。3.The Briti
2、sh Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain the larger one and Ireland and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛大不列颠岛较大的一个和爱尔兰岛及成千上万个小岛组成。4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 England is in the southern part of Grea
3、t Britain. It is the largest most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部是最大人口最稠密的地区。Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones the Highlands in the north the Central lowlands the south Uplands Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区北部高地中部低地及南部山陵。首府爱丁堡。 Wales is in the west of Grea
4、t Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府加的夫4 Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府贝尔法斯特。5.The Commonwealth of nations is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931 and has 50 member countries
5、until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931 年至 1991 年止已有 50 个成员国。Chapter 2 第二章The Origins of a Nation 5000BC-1066 英国的起源公元前5000 年1066 年I. Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克尔特人的到来和定居Celts were practiced famers. The drained much of marshlands and built houses of wood.They wre ironworkers too. Their l
6、anguages the Celts languages are the basis of the language which is still used by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism n.德鲁伊教 . 克尔特人是有经验的农民他们排干沼泽地用木材建造房屋。他们还打造铁器。 苏格兰和威尔士语就是以他们的语言为基础发展而来的。1、The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. 约公元前700 年克尔特人来到不列颠岛。2、The Celts came
7、 to Britain in three main waves. 克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC. 第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC. 第二次高潮是约公元前400 年布列吞人的抵达。The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC. 第三次是约公元前150 年比利其人的到达。II. The Anglo-Saxons 446-871 盎格鲁 撒克
8、逊人公元446871 年1 Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons. 盎格鲁 萨克逊时代奠定了英国的基础In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders Jutes Saxons and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. The Jutes who fished and farmed in Jutland came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of K
9、ent in 449. Then the Saxons users of the short-sword from northern Germany established their kingdom in Essex Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century the Angles who also came from northern Germany and were to give t
10、heir name to the English people settled in East Anglia Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent Essex Sussex Wessex East Anglia Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy. 五 世纪中叶朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼条顿部落。 居住在日德兰半岛现丹麦南部上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。一个朱特人首领于449年当上了国王。
11、后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。六世纪后半叶同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居同时把他们的族名加诸在英国人够上。这七个主要王国肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东英吉利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚合称为七王国。3 The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.formation of the English nation 早期盎格鲁 撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。The Anglo-Saxons laid the
12、foundations of the English state. Firstly they divided the country into shires which the Normans later called counties with shire courts and shire reeves or sheriffs responsible for administering law. Secondly they devised the narrow-strip three-field farming system which continued to the 18th centu
13、ry. Thirdly they also established the manorial system庄园制 . Finally they created the Witancouncil or meeting of the wisemen to advise the king the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 盎格鲁 撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家基础。首先他们把国家划分为郡郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次他们设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至18 世纪。此外他们还建立了领地制。最后他们还创立了咨议会贤人会议向
14、国王提供建议这就成为了今天尚存的枢密院的前身。V The Norman Conquest 1066 诺曼征服公元1066 年1。Reasons for William,s invasion of England after Edward,s death. 威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因。It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In Oc
15、tober 1066 during the important battle of Hastings William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day William was crowned king of England thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. 据说爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元1066 年 10 月在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中威廉打败了哈罗德军队同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。在圣诞节加冕成为英国国王从此开始了
16、诺曼征服。2。The Norman Conquest and its consequences 诺曼征服及其产生的影响。The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture langua
