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1、1The Colonial Period or The Enlightenment and Revolution Period【殖民地时期殖民地时期（1607-1765）和启蒙时期、独立革命时期（）和启蒙时期、独立革命时期（1765-1800） 】 American Puritanism ( roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 一、一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明本杰明富兰克林富兰克林 作品：1、Poor Richards Alm
2、anac 格言历书 - A Collection of maxims, or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success. 2、The Autobiography 自传-“美国梦”的根源3、参与起草独立宣言American Romanticism【浪漫主义时期（浪漫主义时期（1800-1865） 】The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a period of th
3、e great flowering of American literature. 浪漫主义两大主题：爱和大自然的力量 The social and cultural background of Romanticism： -The young Republic was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country. -The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works a
4、nd they grew on the native lands. -The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. -The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values. Romantics frequently shared certain general chara
5、cteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies as a source of corruption. 二、二、Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫拉尔夫华尔多华尔多爱默生爱默生-The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism （超验主
6、义） He was a descendent（后裔）of a long line of New England clergymen（牧师）. 散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。 American Transcendentalism As a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism (also known as “American Renaissance”) flourshed in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high
7、 tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. The major features of Transcendentalism: The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on s
8、pirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想 超灵 宇宙2 The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society. 个体+社会 The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spir
9、it or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with Gods overwhelming presence.自然+上帝 代表作：Nature论自然-the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson ；Self-Reliance 论自助 -是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一The American Scholar论美国学者 ；The Over-soul 论超灵三、三、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔纳撒尼尔霍桑霍桑 - effected by 超验主义 He wa
10、s born into a prominent Puritan family. One of the most ambivalent（矛盾的）writers in the American literary history. 主要成就： 美国心理分析小说的开创者浪漫主义小说家心理小说家 代表作：Mosses from an Old Manse 古宅青苔; Twice-Told Tales 故事重述; The Marble Faun 玉石雕像; The House of the Seven Gables 带有七个尖角阁的房子The Scarlet Letter红字Many of his earl
11、ier stories had treated themes that led to The Scarlet Letter. Puritan severity toward sex and matrimony and its tendency to suppress bright color and true feelings.The Scarlet Letter红字 ：Hester Prynne-strong-willed, impetuous, a king of compassionate, maternal figure; Pearl-innocent, perceptive; Rog
12、er Chillingworth-a man deficient in human warmth, true evil in the story; Arthur Dimmesdale-intelligent and emotional. Symbolism in his works Hawthorne is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition 清教 徒传统 and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form. In his masterp
13、iece, by using Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community. With 3the scarlet A as the biggest symbol of all, which is ambiguous, he proves himself to be one of the best symbolists. 四、四、Henry Da
14、vid Thoreau 亨利亨利大卫大卫梭罗梭罗 As a young man, Thoreau took a more than usual interest in the natural world. Like Emerson, but more than him, he saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on mans spiritual well-being, and regarded it as a symbol of spirit.Thoreau was very critical of modern ci
15、vilization. It was, in his opinion, degrading and enslaving man. 新英格兰超验主义的重要作家，最有代表性的两件事情就是在瓦尔登湖畔度过 的两年和在监狱度过的一夜。 代表作：On the Duty of Civil Disobedience 论公民的不服从Walden 瓦尔登湖-not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreaus own transcendental philosophy.
16、 五、五、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利亨利沃兹沃思沃兹沃思朗费罗朗费罗 Features of Longfellows poetic works -Chief romantic tendencies as humanitarian attitude, love of nature and love of beauty. -The first American poet to write narrative poems. -Generally simple ideas expressed musically and powerfully. Above all, there is a joyousness in them, a spirit of optimism and f
