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1、重庆交通大学外国语学院课程英美诗歌选读电子课件：第八讲 - 1 - 英美诗歌选读课程教案第八讲首页 学生专业 班级 学 时 数 教学目的 教学内容 教学重点 教学难点 教学进程 教学方法 教 具 课后总结 作 业 备注：教学进程一栏可根据教学内容的多少自定页数。重庆交通大学外国语学院课程英美诗歌选读电子课件：第八讲 - 2 - 第八讲 叙事诗 第一节 史诗 史诗可分为三种，即史诗(epic)，戏拟史诗(epic satire)和英雄叙事诗(heroic narrative)。 一、史诗 史诗指一种宏篇巨制且自成一卷的叙事诗，用高雅的语言叙述英雄的事迹，风格庄严华美，多 用精巧的修辞手法，如史诗
2、明喻等。早期诗史多为民族传奇，往往被看成是一个民族的伟大文化财 富之一，如英国民族史诗贝奥武甫 （Beowulf ）即是如此。其他史诗有斯宾塞的仙后(The Faerie Queen, 15901596)，贾尔斯弗莱彻（Giles Fletcher, 1586-1623）的基督的胜利(Christs Victorie, and Triumph in Heaven, and Earth, over, and after Death, 1610)，弥尔顿的失乐园 (Paradise Lost, 1667) 、 复乐园 (Paradise Regained, 1671) 。布莱克的弥尔顿也可以看作是
3、一部 史诗。 贝奥武甫现代译文第 735 行 第 766 行描述了贝奥武甫在鹿厅与巨怪葛婪代的激战： Mighty and canny, Hegylacs kinsman was keenly watching for the first move the monster would make. Nor did the creature keep him waiting but struck suddenly and started in; he grabbed and mauled a man on his bench, bit into his bone-lappings, bolted
4、down his blood and gorged on him in lumps, leaving the body utterly lifeless, eaten up hand and foot. Venturing closer, his talon was raised to attack Beowulf where he lay on the bed, he was bearing in with open claw when the alert heros comeback and armlock forestalled him utterly. The captain of e
5、vil discovered himself in a handgrip harder than anything He had ever encountered in any man on the face of the earth. Every bone in his body quailed and recoiled, but he could not escape. He was desperate to flee to his den and hide with the devils litter, for in all his days he had never been clam
6、ped or cornered like this.重庆交通大学外国语学院课程英美诗歌选读电子课件：第八讲 - 3 - Then Hygelacs trusty retainer recalled his bedtime speech, sprang to his feet and got a firm hold. Fingers were bursting, the monster back-tracking, the man overpowering. The dread of the land was desperate to escape, to take a roundabout a
7、nd flee to his lair in the fens. The latching power in his fingers weakened; it was the worst trip the terror-monger had taken to Heorot. 1 (Beowulf, a verse translation by Seamus Heaney) 斯宾塞仙后的内容如诗人在卷首序诗所言， “激烈的战斗和忠贞的爱情将是我歌的主旨” ， 其内容之一是对颇有作为的伊丽莎白女王的歌颂，表现民族主义的自豪。第一章一开始就开门见山 地讲一位骑士的故事，第二诗节如下： But on
8、his brest a bloudie Crosse he bore, The deare remembrance of his dying Lord, For whose sweete sake that glorious badge he wore, And dead as living ever him adored: Upon his shielde the like was also scored, For soveraine hope, which in his helpe he had: Right faithful true he was in deede and word,
9、But of his cheere did seeme too solemne sad; Yet nothing did he dread, but ever was ydrad. 2 斯宾塞向后来的诗人赠送了一笔宝贵遗产，那就是他有名的九行诗体，这里引的诗节就是典型 的斯宾塞诗体。这是一种复杂的诗体，押韵格式为 abab bcbc c。前八行是五韵步，第九行即最后一 行延长为六韵步。节奏徐缓，韵式有连锁之美（b 韵重复四次，c 韵三次） 。这种诗体影响深远，拜 伦、雪莱、济慈、丁尼生等都曾经用该诗体写出佳作，因此人们称斯宾塞为“诗人的诗人” 。 弥尔顿失乐园是关于人的堕落的史诗，其内容可以简
10、述为：撒旦被上帝战败，报仇心切， 1赫依拉勇武的外甥目不转睛，/ 看这杀人凶手如何实施攻击。/ 那怪物并无耐心，/ 说时迟，那时快，/ 早已抓起 一位沉睡中的战士，/ 迫不及待，一把撕开 / 放进血盆大口，将骨锁咬得粉碎，/ 狼吞虎咽，鲜血如注，/ 刹那间 整具尸首已入腹中，/ 连手带足！然后他猛扑上前，/ 伸手便抓假睡在床的英雄，/ 张开魔爪直捣贝奥武甫。/ 不料 那猛士回敬得更快，/ 翻身坐起，以全身重量压上他的手臂。/ 孽障之主立刻发现，/ 世界上没有任何地方任何人， / 请他领赏过如此强大的受力。/ 他心中惧怕起来，/ 可一下子又脱不了身。/ 他想逃窜，逃进黑暗的老巢，/ 窜回 鬼怪中
11、间。行凶一世，/ 他从来没受过这番礼遇！/ 然而那豪杰，赫依拉的外甥 / 牢记着那天晚上的誓言， 一跃而 起，/ 将魔爪死死钳在手掌。怪物的手指断了，/ 他不顾一切，拼命向外挣扎。/ 英雄步步紧逼；罪犯只求躲避，/ 不管什么地方；但愿早早告辞鹿厅，/ 藏进沼泽老巢。他知道自己手指的力量 / 已经留在敌人手中。这害人妖精 / 来鹿厅这同意趟，可真没赶巧。 （冯象 译）此译文是译者根据古英语译出，故与这里采用的现代作家诗人希尼的现 代英语译文不能一一对应。 2他胸前饰有一枚血红的十字，/ 这是对殉难之主的亲切纪念，/ 为了主，他戴上这枚光辉的标志，/ 敬奉主虽 死犹如永活一般：/ 同样的红十字也绘
12、在银盾上面，/ 表明想获得主佑的最高希望：/ 在言行两方面他都忠心可见， / 但一幅庄严的神情流露在脸上；/ 他无所畏惧，却总是令人敬畏异常。 （胡家峦 译）重庆交通大学外国语学院课程英美诗歌选读电子课件：第八讲 - 4 - 诱使上帝所创造的人类始祖亚当一夏娃偷吃了智慧树上的果子，上帝震怒，把他们逐出伊甸园。 第一章写的是上天的一场战争，两大天使集团进行了较量，以撒旦为首的集团失败，被打入地 狱。在地狱里，撒旦对局势做了痛苦的重新估量，估量的的结果是决心复仇，撒旦在此发表了慷慨 激昂的演说（第一卷第 105 行 第 124 行）： What though the field be lost?
13、All is not lost; the unconquerable Will, And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield: And what is else not to be overcome? That Glory never shall his wrath or might Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace With suppliant knee, and deifie his power Who from the terror of
14、 this Arm so late Doubted his Empire, that were low indeed, That were an ignominy and shame beneath This downfall; since by Fate the strength of Gods And this Empyreal substance cannot fail, Since through experience of this great event In Arms not worse, in foresight much advanced, We may with more
15、successful hope resolve To wage by force or guile eternal War Irreconcileable, to our grand Foe, Who now triumphs, and in th excess of joy Sole reigning holds the Tyranny of Heavn. 3 该史诗第二章写会上辩论，第三章转到天堂，第四章出现亚当和夏娃，史诗的语言不再是金鼓 铁甲之声，不再是上帝与耶稣的严肃对话，而是人间的多情话语。史诗在以下诗行中结束： In either hand the hastening Angel
16、 caught Our lingering parents, and to the eastern gate Led them direct, and down the cliff as fast To the subjected plainthen disappeared. They, looking back, all the eastern side beheld Of Paradise, so late their happy seat, 3地盘丢了又怎样？/ 并非什么都丢光：不挠的意志、/ 热切的复仇心、不灭的憎恨，/ 以及永不屈服、永不退让的 勇气，/ 还有什么难以战胜的呢？/ 他的暴怒或威力永远 / 夺不走我身上的那荣耀。/ 经过这一次战争的惨烈，/ 好 容易才使他的政权动摇；/ 这时还要弯腰屈膝，向他 / 哀求怜悯，拜倒在他的权力之下，/ 那才真正是卑鄙、可耻， / 比这次的沉沦还要卑贱。/ 因为我们生而有神力，/ 秉有清轻的灵质，不能朽坏，/ 又因这次大事件
