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1、How to describe learning & teaching,What do we know about language learning,1. What do we know about language learning?,unconscious learning conscious learningnative language FL/SLacquisition learningnatural language acquisition a form of study(foreign-learn in Institution; second-learn in particula
2、r environment),In contact with the foreign language children and adults learn similarly. Without studying, they may have problems with pronunciation & grammar.,1. What do we know about language learning?,Characteristics of successful acquisition of a language: Exposed to the languageMotivated to lea
3、rn the language Have opportunities to use the language,1. What do we know about language learning?,Informal learning formal learning:Informal learning(natural acquisition)Formal learning (Language instruction / learning-teaching) Features of natural language acquisition should be considered.,1. What
4、 do we know about language learning?,How to describe learning & teaching,Elements for language learning in the classroom,2. What elements are necessary for successful language learning in classrooms?,ESA: three elements have to be present in almost all classes.,Engage Study Activate,Engage: Teachers
5、 have to arouse students interest, involve emotions, provide challenge students will learn better.,Activities and materials to engage Ss:games, music, discussions, stimulating pictures, dramatic stories, amusing anecdotes, role play, etc.,2. What elements are necessary for successful language learni
6、ng in classrooms?,2. What elements are necessary for successful language learning in classrooms?,Study: students focus on language and how it is constructed it contributes well to subconscious language acquisition.,Activate: activities and exercises which get students to use the language as communic
7、atively as they can: *use real language *appropriate in that particular situation-a kind of rehearsal for the real world,2. What elements are necessary for successful language learning in classrooms?,Typical Activate exercises:Role plays, advertisement design, debates and discussions, “describe and
8、draw”, story and poem writing, etc.,2. What elements are necessary for successful language learning in classrooms?,How to describe learning & teaching,Sequences of,E S A,3. How do the three elements of ESA fit together in lesson sequences?,3. How do the three elements of ESA fit together in lesson s
9、equences?,3. How do the three elements of ESA fit together in lesson sequences?,Discussion: What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three sequences?,3. How do the three elements of ESA fit together in lesson sequences?,These elements are present most of the time.They should be varied to avo
10、id monotony.They ensure successful language teaching and learning.,3. How do the three elements of ESA fit together in lesson sequences?,How to describe learning & teaching,Teaching Methods,4. What teaching models have influenced current teaching practice?,Grammar-translationtraditional method of la
11、nguage teaching-useful to teach dead languages, like Latin-deductive way: rules without explanation -teaches about language and not the language-texts used are mainly literary-advantage: culture+structure, reading /writing /grammar -disadv: speaking/listening skills ignored,Audio-lingualismBehaviour
12、ist theory: learning is the result of habit formation through conditioning. (teaching the spoken language to be able to communicate)-drill (repetition of utterance)Language learning is far more subtle than just the formation of habits. All humans have the power to be creative in language.,4. What te
13、aching models have influenced current teaching practice?,The Behaviourist theory andthe Cognitive theory,The Behaviourist theory,Watson & Raynor: a stimulus-response theory of psychology,The Behaviourist theory,According to the theory:Forms of bebaviour such as motions, habits, etc. are seen as elem
14、ents that can be observed and measured.,The Behaviourist theory,“You can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement.” (Harmer. 1983:30),The Behaviourist theory,A living thing that has (or can de
15、velop) the ability to act,The Behaviourist theory,Skinner: Language is also a form of behaviour. Language teaching in USA: The Audio-Lingual Method (the “listen-and-repeat” drilling activities). In ALM, mistakes were immediately corrected.,Chomsky: Language is not a form of behaviour. It is an intricate (complicated) rule-based system. (Language is rule-governed.) There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with knowledge of these rules an infinite number of sentences can be produced. (Language is generative. ),The Cognitive theory,
