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1、非谓语动词包括-ing分词、过去分词及不定式，他们不受句子主语的人称和数的影响， 不能在句子中作谓语；但具有动词的特征（有时态和语态的变化形式） ，又具有名词、形容 词或副词的特性，所以可以在句子中担任其他语法功能，如在句子中做主语、定语、补语 或状语等，下面就其作状语的用法进行分类归纳。非谓语动词作状语的用法可以用下面图表表示： 非谓语动词 表主动意义 Doing sth., 主语 + 谓语。 作状语 Having done sth., 主语 + 谓语。 表被动意义 Done, 主语 + 谓语。Having been done, 主语 + 谓语。 表目的、结果 to do sth. 现在，再
2、来详细讲解其用法。 一、表主动意义的Doing sth.与Having done sth1. Doing sth. 表示分词的动作与主句的动作同时或几乎同时发生（虽有先后关系，但两 个动作非常紧凑） ，我们可以用“主动、进行”来记住ing分词作状语的用法。. eg: We were sitting by the window, talking about what happened yesterday.(sitting 与talking about两个动作同时进行，talking about 作伴随状语)A crowd of children ran out of the classroom,
3、 laughing and talking merrily.（同时进行的动作，作方式状语）Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out.（Hearing与 rushed out两个动作虽有先后关系，但非常紧凑，hearing作原因状语）doing 有时只表“主动”并无进行之意。 eg: Seeing on the top of the mountain, youll find our city beautiful.Being a student, I must study hard. 2. Having done sth.表示分词的动作比主句的动作
4、先发生，强调“主动、完成” 。 eg: Mr. Bumble, having spread a handkerchief over his knee, began to eat and drink.(spread 的动作比began to eat and drink的动作先发生，having spread作时间状 语) 二、表被动意义的Done与Having been done 1. Done 表分词的动作与主句的主语是逻辑上的动宾关系，即主语是动作的承受者，也就 是说，Done作状语一般表“被动” 。 eg: Written carelessly, the composition is fu
5、ll of mistakes. (write 与composition是逻辑上的动词与宾语的关系，即逻辑上讲是 write the composition，所以 the composition是 write的动作承受者) The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.（方式状语） 有些过去分词作状语并不表“被动” ，这些分词已作形容词使用，而且结构也比较固定，常 见的有： be dressed in, be lost in thought, be armed with, be faced with, be absorbed in, be
6、exposed to，be caught in the rain, be seated in a chair ect. eg: Dressed in white today, she looks more beautiful.Lost in thought, I almost hit the car. 2. Having been done表示分词的动作比主句的动作先发生，而且是被动意义，也就是强 调“被动、完成” 。 eg: Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.(分词作原因状语，相当于Because h
7、e had been criticized by the teacher, )Having been told many times, he didnt know what to do. (分词作让步状语，相当于Although he had been told many times, ) 三、不定式to do sth. 不定式to do sth.经常作目的状语，意思是“为了” ，相当于 in order to / so as to do sth.；还可以作结果状语和原因状语。 eg: I came here to see you . (目的状语)He hurried to school to
8、 find nobody there. （结果状语）Im glad to hear the news. （原因状语） 四、非谓语动词的否定式 非谓语动词的否定式是在非谓语动词之前加not。 eg: Not having completed the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. 五、非谓语动词作状语的比较1、不能用不定式的场合 表时间、条件、让步或伴随情况通常不用不定式，而用ing 分词和ed 分词。 eg: Having waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom su
9、ddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.（时间状语） Compared with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesnt seem big at all. （条件状语） 2、表目的时只用不定式 表示目的时只能用不定式，其动作通常发生在谓语动作之后，有时为了强调，可将不定式 短语放到句首（但so as to do sth.短语不行） 。 Can the project be finished as planned? Sure, to get it completed
10、 in time, well work two more hours a day. 3、不定式和分词短语作原因状语的区别 表示原因时，分词短语常放在句首，也可放在句末，多用逗号隔开；不定式短语却只能放 在句末，但不用逗号隔开，且多用于表示情绪或情感的形容词（如：happy, glad, sorry, sad, surprise, frightened, delighted, disappointed etc.）之后。 eg: Im surprised to see you here. Attracted by the beauty of nature, the girl from London
11、 decided to stay another two days on the farm. 4. 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别 不定式表结果，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，往往表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的情况， 不定式前常加only；另外，还用tooto，enough to, never to, so/suchas to等固 定结构中。现在分词表示结果，是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果（同时发生） ，有 时在前面加上thus，谓语动词与现在分词的动作是因果关系。 The old man returned home only to find that his daughter had go
12、t married. His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 六、独立主格结构 学习非谓语动词作状语，还需了解另一结构独立主格结构。 （一）独立主格结构的构成 1、with/ without + 宾语(n./ pron.) + 补语（分词/不定式） Without any money left, he had no choice but to borrow some from his friend. （独立主格结构without any money left在句子中作原因状语，其中分词left在此结构 中作补语，表“被动” ） With him sit
13、ting next to her, she felt safe. （独立主格结构作原因状语，其中分词短语sitting next to her在此结构中作补语，表 “主动” ） With a lot of work to do, I couldnt go out with you. (独立主格结构作原因状语，其中不定式to do sth.在此结构中严格来讲作定语，表动作 尚未发生) 2、n./ pron. （主格）+ 分词 eg: Homework finished, he went to bed. The sun having risen, the fog soon disappeared.
14、 （二）独立主格结构的句法功能 1、时间状语 The meeting (being) over, they left the hall. 2、原因状语 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 3、条件状语 Time permitting, I shall go to the cinema with you. 4、描述伴随行为或补充说明 Mary entered the room, with a big apple in hand. He was doing his homework, his father sitting in hand. 分词作状语时
15、，分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语一致；独立主格结构有自己的主语。 七、标点符号和并列连词 比较下面两个句子： (1) On Saturday afternoon, Mr. Green went to the market, bought some bananas and visited his cousin. (2) European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.(1)中，逗号用以分隔三个并列的动作(后面的and连接三个并列动作)；（2）中，逗号 把状语与主句隔开
16、（句中只有两个动词，但没有and连接，而是用逗号隔开） 。 再看下面两个句子： （1） Having been told many times, he didnt know what to do. （2） He had been told many times, but he didnt know what to do （1）中，逗号把状语与主句分隔开；（2）中，也有逗号，但后面句子还有并列连词，说 明前后是两个并列分句，也就是两个结构完整的句子 1. Though _ of the danger， he still went skating on the thin ice. A. warning B. to warn C. warn D. warned 2. _ from this point of view， the question will be of great importanc
