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1、西南大学外国语学院 英语专业本科毕业论文引文及参考文献格式规范 I. Introduction Academic writing may use American Psychological Association (APA) Style, Modern Language Association (MLA) Style, the Chicago Style, and so on. But APA and MLA are two commonly used ones. Both can be found in “style manuals” bearing their names，for exa
2、mple, APAs Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) and MLAs MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (1999). The choice as to which style is appropriate for a given paper may be determined by three factors: the requirements of the particular course, the standard for th
3、e discipline in which you are studying, or your individual preference. A safe way is to consider which style will be most appropriate for your area of specialization. If you are pursuing a major in the humanities, consider learning the MLA style. If behavioral or social sciences are likely to be you
4、r interest, then the APA style may be most appropriate. Generally, humanities disciplines may include literary, philosophical, cultural, historical, translation studies, and the like. Social sciences may include applied linguistics, psycholinguistics, foreign language teaching, second language acqui
5、sition studies, and the like, which are mostly empirical studies involving statistic analyses. II. APA for Academic Writing: Essentials 1. Text citations Source material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the sources. The reader can obtain the full sou
6、rce citation from the list of references that follows the body of the paper. A. When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors. The word “and” is used before the la
7、st author when multiple authors are identified as part of the formal structure of the sentence. Commas are only used to separate the names of three or more (but not two) authors for a source, for example, Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that . . . . B. When the authors of a source are not part of th
8、e formal structure of the sentence, both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses. The ampersand Koenig, 1990; Levin Maton Paloma Payne, Bergin, Bielema, repeat the year; separate the year-plus-suffixes with commas, for example, Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Singh,
9、 1983, in press-a, in press-b) indicated that . . . . E. A major citation is separated from other citations within parentheses by the phrase “see also” used after a semicolon and before the first of the remaining citations, which are arranged in alphabetical order, for example, (Minor, 2001; see als
10、o Adams, 1999; Storandt, 1997) F. Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When it is necessary to cite a source that you have not read (“Grayson” in the following example) but is cited in a source that you have read (“Murzynski in subsequent citations, include o
11、nly the first authors surname and “et al.” and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph, for example, Payne, Bergin, Bielema, and Jenkins (1991) showed that Use as first citation in text. Payne et al. (1991) showed that . Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph thereafter. Payne et al. showed that Omit year from subsequent citations after first citation within a paragraph. I. When a source has six or more authors, cite only the first authors surname followed by “et al.” and the year for the first and subsequent citations.
