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1、语法9 种词性词性 含义 考点：实词决定内涵，虚词决定结构名词 n. 表示事物的名称1、可数不可数2、专有名词，普通名词3、普通名词分为个休名词（单数） ，集体名词（复数） ，抽象名词（不可数） ，物质名词（不可数）代词pron.代替名词的词 1、 指示代词 this,that,these2、 疑问代词 who,what,which3、 人称代词，三种人称都有单复之数4、 形容词性物主代词当成形容词使用5、 名词性物主代词当成名词使用6、 不定代词 some ,any, any one 代替同一类中的一个。 That 在比较结构中代替动词vt.&vi.表示一个动作 1、 vt.必须跟宾语，vi
2、.不能跟宾语2、 助动词 will, shall, have, be3、 情态动词 can, may, have to4、 系动词 联系主语和表语的，只用于主系表结构5、 Eat, eats, ate, 非谓语 eating, eaten, to eat形容词adjective修饰名词性结构的词1、 表、定、补2、 比较级、最高级副词Adverb修饰动词、形容词、另一个副词、句子1、 状语2、 a.直接加 er,estb.以辅音字母加 y 结尾，y-i+er/estc.双写 bigbiggerbiggestd.多音节的。More, most, less, least3、 同级比较4、 倍数比较
3、：A+谓语+ 倍数 +as+adj./adv.+as+B数词num.1、 基数词，序数词2、 分数：基数词-序数词1/3:one-third 2/3:two-thirds冠词 art. 给名词戴帽子 1、 不定冠词 a, an2、 定冠词 the：the+adj.表示一类人，the old， the richthe+姓氏复数 the Greens 一家人。The+可数名词单数，表一类事物西洋乐器3、 零冠词连词conj.连结两个词或句子1、 并列连词A. and 并列关系的并列连词B. or 选择关系的并列连词C. so 因果关系的并列连词D. but 转折关系的并列连词2、 从属连词，引导状
4、语从句的介词prep.中介作用，不能单独存在1、 介宾短语：介词后面一定要跟逻辑宾语，动词在介词后必须用 ing 形式。2、 不及物动词+ 介词+ 宾语8 大句子成分成分 作用或特点 例句主语 动作的发出者或句子的描述对象。主语一般位于句首。通常情况下，一个句子只能有一个独立主语（并列主语除外） 。Lucy likes her new bike.We work hard.To learn a foreign language is not easy.Playing soccer after school is great fun.谓语 主语发出的动作。通常由动词充当。通常情况下，一个句子只能有
5、一个独立谓语（并列谓语除外） 。动词分为实义动词，连系动词，情态动词和助动词。情态动词和助动词不能单独充当为主，必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语。We love china.We have finished reading the this book.He can speak English.宾语 动作的承受者。一般放在及物动词或介词后面。通常情况下，一个句子只能有一个独立宾语（并列宾语除外） ，但是某些动词要跟双宾语（指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语） 。We study English.Our teacher said that he would go there.He is look
6、ing at the dog.He gave me two books.表语 跟在联系动词后面，用来说明评语的身份、特征、状态。The trees turn green.The flower is beautiful.定语 用来修饰限定名词性结构。分前置定语（短）和后置定语（长） ，数量不限。This is a red car.The building is their teaching building.The woman doctor is my wife.状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句。说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程序、目的等。位置灵活多变（句前、中、后均可） ，数
7、量不限。John often came to chat with me.(程度、目的)As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.(原因)She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.Though he is young, he knows a lot.He came running.(方式)补语 用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份、特征。 Everyone calls him jack.(宾补)He is called jack.(主补)同位语 位于名词性结构后面，也是一个名词性结构，两部分地位相同
8、，互相补充说明。The great wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends.介宾短语作状语和后置定语，表语和宾补。5 大基本句式句式 内涵 常见动词 例句主谓 主语+不及物动词 ;不能带宾语Work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happenLi Ming works very hard.The accident happened yesterday afternoon.We hav
9、e lived in the city for ten years.主谓宾 主语+及物动词 +宾语 Eat, love, know He bought a bag.She plans to travel in the coming May Day.I dont know what I should do next.主语+及物动词 +间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）Buy, pass, lend, give, tell, ask, teach, show, bring, sendHer father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.I h
10、ave told him the story.Show me your card, please.主谓宾 宾主语+及物动词 +直接宾语+介词+间接宾语I gave a book to him.主谓宾宾补主语+及物动词 +宾语+宾语补足语感官动词和使役动词 You should keep the room clean and tidy.We made him our monitor.主系表 主语+系动词+表语（多为形容词性结构）Be, look, seem, smell, taste, become, turn, get, grow, goThis kind of food tastes del
11、icious.What she said is right.非谓语动词的基本概念解题思路1、 看句子前面如果有谓语了，一般就是考察非谓语问题。2、 判断非谓语的逻辑主语是谁3、 根据三种非谓语动词的内涵来选择合适的非谓语。特殊：do nothing(anything, everything) but(except)+省略 to 的不定式Only to do sth.定义 举例谓语动词 在句子中做谓语的动词形式 They built a garden.We arrived at 3.非谓语动词 在句子中不做谓语的动词的形式，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）He seems to
12、 know a lot.They went to the park, singing and talking.Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.心中充满了希望和恐惧，他走进山洞。非谓语动词形式 内涵 充当成分例句主语 Its necessary to study hard.(it 是形式主语)宾语 We think it important to obey the laws.(it 形式宾语)宾补 He saw the thief (to) steal a ladys cellphone.定语 He is looking for
13、a room to live in.不定式(To) do sth.Not+(to) do被动：to be+done具有名词、形容词、副词的特性。表示“将来”， ”目的 ”等 状语 He came to help me with my maths.定语 There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.现在分词V-ing被动： 主动、进行 宾补 Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.状语 Seeing from the top of the h
14、ill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.being+done表语 Traveling is interesting but tiring.宾补 I consider the matter settled.定语 We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.过去分词V-ed本身就表被动被动、完成状语 Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!从句从句解题三步走：1、 判断从句类型。2、 划分从句成分。 （从句不缺成分时
15、，引导词选副词作状语。不能选择关系代词，因为代词要做成分）3、 结合从句的成分选择引导词。名词性从句引导词词性引导词 用途 从句类型 例句主语从句 It is a pity (that) we havent contacted for ages. 宾语从句 He told me (that) he would go to college the next year.I knew that you were here.表语从句 What I told him was that I would find him a good play.That 陈述语气中使用 同位语从句 The idea tha
16、t you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.宾语从句 I doubt if/whether he can do it.I dont know if/whether there will be a bus any more.If/whether 表疑问语气同位语从句 The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.连接词（在从句中不做成分）As if, as though“好像 ”， ”似乎” 表语从句 She looks as if she were ten years younger.主语从句 What she did is not yet known.What(ever) 在从句中作主、宾、
