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1、语法长难句讲义词类 (parts of speech) 1） 名词(noun，缩写为 n.)如 pen(钢笔)，English( 英语)，life( 生活) 。2)代词(pronoun，缩写为 pron.)如 we(我们)， his(他的)，all(全部)3)形容词(adjective，缩写为 adj.) 如 great(伟大的) ，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的 )4)数词(numeral ，缩写为 num.) 如 four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first( 第一)，eighth(十八) ，hundred( 一百)。5)动词(verb，缩写为 v) 如 wri
2、te(写)，walk( 行走) ，think(想)6)副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)如 quickly(快 )，often(经常 )，very(很)7)冠词(article，缩写为 art.)如 a，an(一个)，the( 这，那 )8)介词(preposition，缩写为 prep.)如 from(从)，in(在内)， between(在 之间)9)连词(conjunction，缩写为 conj.) 如 and(和) ，because(因为)，if( 假如)10)感叹词(interjection，缩写为 int.)如 oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(嘘)注一 属于前六类(名、代
3、、形、数、动、副等词) 的词都有实义，叫做实词(notional word)。 属于后四类（冠、介、连、感等词）的词没有实义，叫做虚词(form word)。注二不少词可以属于几个词类.如 work(工作；动词和名词)，fast(快；形容词和副词)，since(自从；连词和介词)等。*英语词法和句法 1.词法(morphology) 1)2)3)4)5)2.句法(syntax) 1)2)3)4)5)6)*句子1 简单句(simple sentence).The peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.2 并列句(compound senten
4、ce)Toms father worked from morning till night but he got very little money.3 复合句(complex sentence)Its a long time since I saw you last.*从句 (clause)1What I want to say is this2This is what I want to say.3I have said what I want to say.4This is the thing I want to say.5If you want to say something，say
5、 it clearly.*词序 (word order) 1We help each other.2We go to school every day.3Its fine today.4I like this place.There are many trees in this place.5The school library has many books on agriculture.6The Summer Palace is very beautiful.I know him well.The students often go on a picnic.We take exercise
6、every day.7I met a friend at the bus-stop.8There is a map of China on the wall.9They worked quickly and efficiently.He works just as hard as everyone else although he is over sixty.*名词 1 英语名词分为两大类：1)soldier 士兵 water 水pupil 学生 health 健康machine 机器 pleasure 快乐2)Lei Feng 雷锋 Karl Marx 卡尔 马克思London 伦敦 Chi
7、na 中国The Communist Party of China 中国共产党The Great Hall of the People 人民大会堂The Ministry of Foreign Affairs 外交部2 普通名词的种类1)tractor 拖拉机 panda 熊猫factory 工厂 teacher 教员2)class 阶级，班 herd 兽群crowd 人群 army 军队3)steel 钢 gram 粮食fire 火 cotton 棉花4)happiness 幸福 life 生活work 工作 whiteness 白色*名词的格1 英语的名词有三个格：My brother a
8、lways misplaces his schoolbag.Every written sentence should begin with a capital letter.2 schildrens books my fathers room3 名词所有格在逻辑上可能是它所修饰的名词的主语，也可能是它所修饰的名词的宾语。1)the Partys concern of the younger generation2)the reactionary rules overthrow the occupation of the city by the enemy 3) a friend of my
9、sisters (= one of my sisters friends)a picture of Mr. Wus4) The dictionary is not mine, but Xiao Wangs.5) I met him at the Johnsons (shop).I went to my uncles (house) yesterday.*代词 1 代词在句子中的功能1) 2) I am reading The Arabian Nights.This is John Smith speaking.Can I help you?His father is an eye-doctor
10、.All men are equal.2 如 I 我(主格) ，me 我( 宾格)，Who 谁(主格)，whom 谁( 宾格)如 whose 谁的， others 别人的，somebodys 某人的， ones 一个人的3如 one-ones，other-others。4 如：the other，the others，a few，a little 等。5 种类1) personal pronouna)主格：I，he，she，it，we ，you，they.b)宾格：me，him ，her，it，us ，you，them.2) possessive pronouna)形容词性物主代词：my，hi
11、s，her ，its；our ，your，their.b)名词性物主代词：mine，his，hers，its ，ours，yours，theirs.3) self-pronounmyself，yourself，himself ，herself ，itself ，ourselves，yourselves，themselves，oneself.4) reciprocal pronouneach other，one another.5) demonstrative pronounthis， that，these，those，such，same.6) interrogative pronounwho，
12、whom，whose ， which，what.7) relative pronounwho，whom，whose ， which，that.8) indefinite pronounsome，something，somebody ，someone，any，anything，anybody ，anyone，no，nothing ，nobody，no one，every，everything，everybody，everyone，each ，much ，many ，little，a little，few，a few，other，another，all，none，one，both，either，n
13、either.*数词 1 cardinal numeral如：one (一)，twenty( 二十 )，hundred(百)2 ordinal numeral如：first (第一 )，twentieth (第二十)，hundredth(第一百)等。3 基数词的用法1)Two plus nine is eleven.Four times six is twenty-four. 2)Give me two.3)My uncle bought two hand tractors recently.4)He was already forty when he began to learn Engli
14、sh4 序数词的用法1)The first is better than the second.2)He was among the first to arrive.3)China exploded its first atom bomb in October 1964.4)Jack is always the first to get to the office in the morning.*形容词 1 形容词的用法1)The Chinese Communist Party is a great party.2)The film is both moving and instructive.3)Have yo
