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1、专业英语作业管理学院工程管理 1 0 0 12012 年 9 月 22 日工程管理专业外语作业翻译（）：In the past two decades, this traditional approach has become less popular for a number of reasons, particularly for large scale projects. The A/E firms, which are engaged by the owner as the prime professionals for design and inspection, have beco
2、me more isolated from the construction process. This has occurred because of pressures to reduce fees to A/E firms, the threat of litigation regarding construction defects, and lack of knowledge of new construction techniques on the part of architect and engineering professionals. Instead of prepari
3、ng a construction plan along with the design, many A/E firms are no longer responsible for the details of construction nor do they provide periodic field inspection in many cases. As a matter of fact, such firms will place a prominent disclaimer of responsibilities on any shop drawings they may chec
4、k, and they will often regard their representatives in the field as observers instead of inspectors. Thus, the A/E firm and the general contractor on a project often become antagonists who are looking after their own competing interests. As a result, even the construct ability of some engineering de
5、signs may become an issue of contention. To carry this protective attitude to the extreme, the specifications prepared by an A/E firm for the general contractor often protects the interest of the A/E firm at the expense of the interests of the owner and the contractor. 在过去的二十年里，这种传统的方式因为一些原因已经变得不再那么
6、受欢迎，尤其是对于大型的项目来说。A/E 公司里，受雇于业主的设计和监理主要专业人员已经从施工过程中分离出来。之所以发生这样的事情是因为迫于减少给 A/E 公司付费的压力，关于建筑缺陷所导致的诉讼的威胁，以及建筑师和工程师缺乏对建筑新技术的知识等原因所致。除了准备施工计划和设计之外，许多 A/E 公司在很多方面不再对施工细节负责，也不再提供定期的现场检查。事实上，施工设计公司作为说明者主要负责对他们的图纸答疑，而且常将自己在现场的代表作为观察评论员而不是监督检查者。因此，在整个项目 A/E 公司与总承包商经常成为利益竞争的对手。结果，许多的工程设计的可行性可能会成为一个争议性的问题。这种保护性
7、的措施产生了极端的影响，又 A/E 公司提供给建筑商的技术规范常常保护 A/E 公司的利益而牺牲业主与承包商的利益。In order to reduce the cost of construction, some owners introduce value engineering, which seeks to reduce the cost of construction by soliciting a second design that might cost less than the original design produced by the A/E firm. In prac
8、tice, the second design is submitted by the contractor after receiving a construction contract at a stipulated sum, and the saving in cost resulting from the redesign is shared by the contractor and the owner. The contractor is able to absorb the cost of redesign from the profit in construction or t
9、o reduce the construction cost as a result of the re-design. If the owner had been willing to pay a higher fee to the A/E firm or to better direct the design process, the A/E firm might have produced an improved design which would cost less in the first place. Regardless of the merit of value engine
10、ering, this practice has undermined the role of the A/E firm as the prime professional acting on behalf of the owner to supervise the contractor. 为了降低成本，有些业主引入了价值工程技术，寻求比 A/E 公司的原设计更为节约成本的第二个设计方案。在实践中,承包商在收到建筑合同规定的金额后会提供第二个设计方案,并且由于节省成本所造成的设计是由承包商和业主共同承担。承包商能够从工程利润中吸收重新设计的成本或降低由于重新设计所造成的建设成本。如果业主愿意支
11、付更高的费用给 A/E 公司或更好的直接参与到设计过程中,A/E 公司将可能产生一个成本降低到最大限度的改良设计。抛开价值工程的优点不说，这种做法已经破坏了 A/E 公司作为专业代理代表业主监督承包商的角色。Design/Construct Firms 设计施工公司A common trend in industrial construction, particularly for large projects, is to engage the services of a design/construct firm. By integrating design and constructio
12、n management in a single organization, many of the conflicts between designers and constructors might be avoided. In particular, designs will be closely scrutinized for their construct ability. However, an owner engaging a design/construct firm must insure that the quality of the constructed facilit
13、y is not sacrificed by the desire to reduce the time or the cost for completing the project. Also, it is difficult to make use of competitive bidding in this type of design/construct process. As a result, owners must be relatively sophisticated in negotiating realistic and cost-effective construction contracts. 对于工业建设项目，尤其是大型项目，目前有一个雇佣设计/施工公司为业主服务的共同趋势。在一个项目中，把设计和施工管理同时交给一个机构，就可能避免原先存在于设计和施工者之间的许多矛盾。尤其是，设计的可建造性必须被详细审查。然而，业主雇佣设计/施工公司必须确保建筑产品的质量而并不是以缩短工期或者成本为代价来完成项目。并且，在这种形式的设计/施工过程很难利用公开招标的方式。因此，业主必须用相对充分的经验来处理建筑合约中现实的和有效成本问题。
