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1、双头拍卖实验手册一、介绍Overview: This program runs a double auction in which buyers and sellers submit bids and offers in any order. This is called a double auction because bids tend to increase as in an English auction (e.g. for antiques), and at the same time, offers tend to decrease. Thus the bid-ask spread
2、 will narrow until one of the bids or offers is accepted. 简介：这个程序验证的是双向拍卖实验。在双向拍卖中，买方和卖方可以以任何顺序提交出价和要价。之所以被称为“双向拍卖”是因为在英式拍卖中 (例如，古董) 出价倾向于增加，与此同时，要价则倾向于减少。因此，买卖价差将逐渐缩小，直到其中的一个出价或者要价被接受。Payoff Parameters: Seller units are given costs and buyer units are given values. All values and costs are random d
3、raws from uniform distributions that you specify (rounded to the nearest dollar), unless you choose to enter your own values and costs. Sellers earn money by selling above cost, and buyers earn money by buying below value. You choose the number of rounds, and you have the option of switching to a ne
4、w set of payoff parameters after a specified number of rounds (e.g. demand or supply shift, tax, price ceiling or floor). The instructions are automatically configured to conform to the parameters you select, and your instructor results page calculates data averages and competitive predictions by ro
5、und and by treatment. 决定性参数：卖者的单位是既定的成本，买者的单位是既定的价值。除了你自己输入的成本和收益外，其他所有的价值和成本都是随机从你设定的联合分布中抽取的（实行四舍五入），卖者通过高于成本出售而获得货币收入，买者通过低于价值购买而获得货币收入。你可以选择拍卖的回合数,在完成设定的回合数后，你可以选择设定一整套新的决定性参数 (如供应或需求移动、税收、价格上限或下限)。指令将自动配置以符合你的参数选择，你的指导员将生成结果页，并计算每一回合和每一次处理的数据平均值和竞争性预期值。Discussion: The discussion can focus on th
6、e relationship between the trading data and the competitive (supply and demand) predictions. For a discussion of behavior in laboratory double auctions, see Davis and Holt (1993), Experimental Economics, Princeton University Press. The first laboratory double auctions are reported in Smith (1962) An
7、 Experimental Study of Competitive Market Behavior, Journal of Political Economy, 70(3), 111-137. 讨论：讨论专注于交易数据竞争性预测值 (供给和需求)之间的关系。关于实验室双头拍卖行为的讨论,请参见：戴维斯和霍尔特.1993.实验经济学.普林斯顿大学出版社。在一篇经典论文中，史密斯发表了第一次报告了实验室双头拍卖的结果：史密斯.1962.一个竞争性市场行为的实验研究.政治经济学期刊，70,(3)：111-137。Laboratory double auction experiments are s
8、urveyed in Davis and Holt (1993), Experimental Economics, Princeton University Press and in Holt (2006) Markets, Games and Strategic Behavior, Addison-Wesley. The first laboratory double auctions are reported in Vernon Smiths classic 1962 paper in the Journal of Political Economy. 注释：戴维斯和霍尔特(1993)、霍
9、尔特（2006）在以下著作中研究了实验双头拍卖：戴维斯，霍尔特.1993.实验经济学.普林斯顿大学出版社霍尔特.2006.市场,游戏和战略行为. 阿德森韦斯利出版社.弗农史密斯 1962 年发表的在政治经济学期刊上的经典论文首次报告了双头拍卖的结果。二、实验指导MARKET:DOUBLE AUCTION Instructions PAGE 1-4 OF 9 Rounds: The experiment consists of a sequence of market trading periods or rounds. Roles: Each person will either be a b
10、uyer or a seller in all rounds of this part of the experiment. Buyers submit prices to buy units of a commodity to be described below, and sellers submit price offers to sell such units. We will refer to buyers submissions as bid prices and to sellers offers as ask prices. Your role in this part is
11、that of a (seller or buyer).Earnings: In a given period, each seller will have up to 3 units of a commodity to sell, and they will be told the monetary cost of producing each of these units. Sellers may earn money by selling at a price that is above the cost of a unit. Similarly, each buyer will hav
12、e up to 3 units of a commodity to buy, and they will be told the monetary value of each of these units. Buyers may earn money by buying at a price that is below the value of the unit.第 1 页回合： 实验由一系列的市场交易时段或“回合”组成。角色： 在这部分实验的所有回合中，每个人都要么是买方，要么是卖方。买方出价以购买一定数量的某种商品，而卖方则提出愿意销售这么多单位商品的供货价格。我们把买方的提交价格称为“买
13、入价”，而卖家的供价则称为“要价”。你在这部分的角色是一个卖方或者买方。收入： 在既定的时段，每个卖方最多有 3 个单位的某种商品可供出售，他们会被告知每一单位商品生产的货币成本。卖方可赚取销售价格高于单位成本以上的那部分金额。同样，每个买方最多可购买 3 个单位的某种商品，他们会被告知每一单位商品的货币价值。买方可赚取购买价格低于单位价值的那部分金额。Instructions, ID = 0, Page 2 of 9 Your Role: Seller. For each unit that you sell, you will earn the difference between the
14、 selling price of the unit and your cost for that unit. So high prices and low costs are good for sellers like you. The costs for your 3 units will be given to you, and the determination of price is explained next. Or: your Role: Buyer. For each unit that you purchase, you will earn the difference b
15、etween your monetary value of the unit and the purchase price. So high money values and low prices are good for buyers like you. The money values for your 3 units will be given to you, and the determination of price is explained next. Bid and Ask Prices: When the market opens, any buyer may submit a
16、 bid price at which he or she is willing to purchase a unit. Similarly, any seller may submit an offer (or ask) price at which he or she is willing to sell a unit. Transactions: A transaction is finalized when a buyer accepts a sellers offer, or when a seller accepts a buyers bid.第 2 页你的角色： 卖方。对于你所销售的每一单位商品，你将获得该单位商品的售价与其成本之间的差额部分。因此高的售价和低的成本对你这样的卖方是有利的。3 个单位商品的成本将告知给你，价格的确定下文再作说明。或者，你的角色： 买方。对于你所购买的的每一单位商品，你将获得该单位商品的货币价值与其购买价格之间的差额。因此高的货币价值和低廉的价格
