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1、Preface,There are two parts in this course. The first part is Functions of complex variable(the complex analysis). In this part, the theory of analytic functions of complex variable will be introduced.,The complex analysis that is the subject of this course was developed in the nineteenth century, m
2、ainly by Augustion Cauchy (1789-1857), later his theory was made more rigorous and extended by such mathematicians as Peter Dirichlet (1805-1859), Karl Weierstrass (1815-1897), and Georg Friedrich Riemann (1826-1866).,Complex analysis has become an indispensable and standard tool of the working math
3、ematician, physicist, and engineer. Neglect of it can prove to be a severe handicap in most areas of research and application involving mathematical ideas and techniques. The first part includes Chapter 1-6.,The second part is Integral Transforms: the Fourier Transform and the Laplace Transform. The
4、 second part includes Chapter 7-8.,1,Chapter 1 Complex Numbers and Functions of Complex Variable,1. Complex numbers field, complex plane and sphere,1.1 Introduction to complex numbers As early as the sixteenth century Ceronimo Cardano considered quadratic (and cubic) equations such as , which is sat
5、isfied by no real number , for example . Cardano noticed that if these “complex numbers” were treated as ordinary numbers with the added rule that , they did indeed solve the equations.,The important expression is now given the widely accepted designation .,It is customary to denote a complex number
6、:The real numbers and are known as the real and imaginary parts of , respectively, and we write,Two complex numbers are equal whenever they have the same real parts and the same imaginary parts, i.e. and .,In what sense are these complex numbers an extension of the reals?,We have already said that i
7、f is a real we also write to stand for a . In other words, we are this regarding the real numbers as those complex numbers , where .,If, in the expression the term . We call a pure imaginary number.,Formally, the system of complex numbers is an example of a field.,The addition and multiplication of
8、complex numbers are the same as for real numbers.,If,1.2 Four fundamental operations,The crucial rules for a field, stated here for reference only, are: Additively Rules: i. ; ii. ; iii. ; iv. .,Multiplication Rules: i. ; ii. ; iii. ; iv. for .,Distributive Law:,Theorem 1. The complex numbers form a
9、 field.,If the usual ordering properties for reals are to hold, then such an ordering is impossible.,1.3 Properties of complex numbers,A complex number may be thought of geometrically as a (two-dimensional) vector and pictured as an arrow from the origin to the point in given by the complex number.,
10、Because the points correspond to real numbers, the horizontal or axis is called the real axis the vertical axis (the axis) is called the imaginary axis.,The length of the vector is defined as and suppose that the vector makes an angle with the positive direction of the real axis, where . Thus . Sinc
11、e and , we thus have,This way is writing the complex number is called the polar coordinate( triangle )representation.,The length of the vector is denotedand is called the norm, or modulus, or absolute value of . The angle is called the argument or amplitude of the complex numbers and is denoted .,It
12、 is called the principal value of the argument. We have,Polar representation of complex numbers simplifies the task of describing geometrically the product of two complex numbers.,Let and . Then,Theorem 3. and,As a result of the preceding discussion, the second equality in Th3 should be written as .
13、 “ ” meaning that the left and right sides of the equation agree after addition of a multiple of to the right side.,Theorem 4. (de Moivres Formula). If and is a positive integer, then .,Theorem 5. Let be a given (nonzero) complex number with polar representation , Thenthe th roots of are given by the complex numbers,
