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1、Passage1Reading leadership literature, youd sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. 读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为一个有效的领导者。I dont believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incom
2、petent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. 我不相信这是真的。事实上，我认为真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都陷在领导的职位上，遗憾的是他们自己的能力不称职，严重误导了他们。Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place. 对产生这种现象的原因一部分是由那些渴望缺乏诚实的自我评估（追求）放在首位的领导Weve all met
3、 the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether its a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they cant help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe theyre natural born leaders. 我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，他们都不能
4、不抓住领导的狗的地位，并紧紧抓住它，因为亲爱的生命。他们相信他们是天生的领袖。Truth is, theyre nothing of the sort. True leaders dont assume that its their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when
5、 their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it. 事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这是他们的神圣（神圣的）负责每次两个或两个以上的人在一起吧。恰恰相反。一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，并在他们的位置、情况和/或需要的情况下，只会负责。Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a
6、 byproduct. Faced with any situation that cant be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is volume: if they think you arent working as hard as they think you should, their demands become increasingly louder and harsher.许多企业高管把领导与行动混
7、为一谈。他们认为，不断运动以某种程度上产生领导的副产品。面对任何无法解决的纯粹的力量的情况，他们产生了一个不耐烦的尘埃云。他们的一个领导的工具是量：如果他们认为你不做他们认为你应该努力，他们的要求越来越高和严厉的。True leaders understand the value of action, of course, but it isnt their only tool. In fact, it isnt ever their primary tool. Great leaders see more than everyone else: answers, solutions, pat
8、terns, problems, opportunities. They know its vitally important to do, but they also know that thinking, understanding, reflection and interpretation are equally important. 真正的领导者明白行动的价值，当然，但这不是他们唯一的工具。事实上，它不是他们的主要工具。伟大领袖们看到的比其他人更多：答案、解决方案、模式、问题、机会。他们知道这是非常重要的，但他们也知道，思想，理解，反思和解释同样重要If youre too conc
9、erned with outcomes to the extent that you manipulate and intimidate others to achieve those outcomes, then you arent leading at all, youre dictating. A true leader is someone who develops his or her team so that they can and do hit their targets and achieve their goals. 如果你太关注结果的程度，你的操纵和恐吓他人来达到这些目标
10、，那么你不是领导时，你决定。一个真正的领导者是一个发展他或她的团队的人，这样他们就可以打他们的目标，达到他们的目标。Passage2Have you ever felt your mind falling into disorder after a sleepless night? You couldnt come up with an original thought no matter how hard you tried.你有过一个无眠的夜晚，你是否感到你的精神陷入混乱？不管你怎么努力，你都不能想出一个原创的想法。 You were probably right if you thoug
11、ht that was caused by a lack of sleep. Dr. Horne, a sleep researcher in England, studied 24 college students. One group got their normal eight hours of sleep. The other group didnt get the smallest amount of sleep they stayed awake all night. The next day, Dr. Horne tested the students. He asked the
12、m questions that required creative and original thinking. One of the questions was “How many uses can a cardboard box be put to?”你可能是对的，如果你认为这是由于缺乏睡眠造成的。Horne 博士，在英国睡眠研究者研究了 24 名大学生。一组八小时的睡眠正常。另一组人没有得到最小的睡眠，他们整夜都睡不着觉。次日，Dr.Horne 测试的学生。他要求他们提出的问题，需要创造性和创造性思维。其中的一个问题是“有多少用纸板箱可以装？The result? The wide-a
13、wake students did well on the test .The tired students did poorly. 结果？考试大的学生考得很好，累的学生成绩不好。Research has already shown that tired people can do OK on tests of habitual thinking, like simple addition. But Dr. Horne tested creative thinking only.研究已经表明，疲劳的人可以做测试的习惯性思维，如简单的加法。但是，Dr.Horne 测试创造性思维只有。As par
14、t of his study, he offered an amount of money as a reward to the sleepy students if they did well. But even this encouragement wasnt enough to help the students conquer their tiredness. They did poorly. Dr. Horne believes that the part of the brain where thinking takes place may get worn out during
15、waking hours. Sleep may help to repair the brain. “Without any sleep,” he emphasized, “even if you pay closer attention, you cannot do better.” 作为他的研究的一部分，他提供了一个数额的钱，作为奖励给困倦的学生，如果他们做得很好。但即使是这种鼓励也不足以帮助学生克服疲劳。他们做得很差。霍恩博士认为发生在思维的那部分大脑会磨损在醒着的时候。睡眠可能有助于修复大脑。“没有任何睡眠，”他强调，“即使你付出更密切的关注，你也不能做得更好。”This study
16、gives people something to think about, especially people like hospital workers who must stay awake all night and then make quick decisions.这项研究给人们一些思考，特别是像医院工作者的工作人员必须保持清醒，并作出快速决定。Passage3 Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive（认知的）areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age. 研究人员发现，当人们心理活动时，大脑中发生的生化变化，使
