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1、 毕 业 设 计 说 明 书基于 AT89S51 单片机无刷电机驱动器设计专业 自动化学生姓名 XX班级 XXX学号 XXX指导教师 XX完成日期 2012 年 6 月 1 日盐城工学院本科生毕业设计说明书( 2012)基于 AT89S51 单片机无刷电机驱动器设计摘 要：电动机作为机电能量的转换装置,其应用范围已遍及国民经济的各个领域以及人们的日常生活之中。传统的直流电动机均采用电刷, 以机械方法进行换向, 存在着相对的机械摩擦, 由此带来了噪声、火花、无线电干扰以及寿命短等致命弱点, 制造成本高及维修困难等缺点,因而大大地限制了它的应用范围。永磁无刷直流电动机是近年随着电力电子器件及新型永
2、磁材料发展而迅速成熟起来的一种新型机电一体化电机，它具有以下特点:1无刷直流电动机的转子采用高磁能积的稀土磁钢作为转子磁钢, 其转动惯量比鼠笼转子要小, 所以对于给定的转矩能够响应得更快, 控制特性更好。2无刷直流电动机的效率比感应电动机高。因为在感应电机运行时, 转子上不会产生铜损和铁损。3在相同容量下, 无刷直流电动机的体积相对要比感应电机小, 重量轻。4无刷直流电机的噪音小。5无刷直流电机调速方便, 灵活, 范围广。目前永磁无刷直流电动机控制器结构已有多种形式，有最初复杂的模拟式到近来以单片机为核心的数字式，但新型电机控制专用芯片的出现，给无刷直流电机调速装置设计带来了极大的便利，这种集
3、成模拟控制芯片控制功能强、保护功能完善、工作性能稳定，组成的系统所需外围电路简单、抗干扰能力强、特别适用于对控制器体积、性能要求较高的场合。专用控制芯片优点固然多，但往往价格比较昂贵。在一些控制要求精度不是很高的场合，就需要能有一种工作稳定，价格又比较低廉的控制器。本设计就是基于此市场需求。关键词：无刷直流电动机；电刷；换向器；单片机盐城工学院本科生毕业设计说明书( 2012)The Design of Web-based Students InformationManagement SystemAbstract: Motor as electromechanical energy conve
4、rsion devices, and their use has spread invarious fields of national economy and people in their daily life. Traditional DC motor brushes, mechanical method of commutation, there is a relatively mechanical friction, which bring about the fatal weakness of noise, sparks, radio interference, and short
5、 life, manufacturing high cost and maintenance difficulties and shortcomings. thus greatly limiting its scope of application. The permanent magnet brushless DC motor is rapidly maturing in recent years with the development of power electronic devices and new permanent magnetic materials up a new the
6、 mechatronics motor, it has the following characteristics:1. The rotor of the brushless DC motor with high energy product rare earth magnet as the rotor magnet, the squirrel cage rotor inertia ratio is smaller, so for a given torque can respond faster to control features better.2. The efficiency of
7、the brushless DC motor is higher than the induction motor.Because the induction motor is running, the rotor does not produce the copper loss and iron loss.3. In the same capacity, the volume of the brushless DC motor is relatively better than the induction motor is small, light weight.4. Brushless D
8、C motor noise.5 Brushless DC motor speed convenient, flexible, and a wide range ofPermanent magnet brushless DC motor controller structure has many forms, the initial complex analogue to the recently digital microcontroller as the core, but the new motor control ASIC, brushless DC motor speed contro
9、l device design a great convenience, integrated analog control chip controlling function, the protection function, stable performance, simple system composed of the peripheral circuits required, and strong anti-jamming capability, especially suitable for volume controller, the performance requiremen
10、ts higher occasions. Advantages of a dedicated control chip of course, but often are expensive. In the occasion of some control accuracy is not high, you need to be able to have a working stability, price and relatively low-cost controller. This design is based on market demand.Key Words: brushless
11、DC motor; brush; commutator; microcontroller and so on.盐城工学院本科生毕业设计说明书( 2012)目 录1.概 述 .52. 单片机的选择 .52.1 单片机的概述 .52.2 单片机的特点及应用领域 .62.3 单片机的发展趋势 .82.4 AT89S51 单片机的硬件结构 .102.5AT89S51 单片机的引脚及功能描述 .102.6 单片机的指令系统简介 .123. 无刷直流电机的简介 .143.1 无刷直流电动机的概述 .143.2 无刷直流电机的结构 .153.3 无刷直流电机的原理 .153.4 单片机控制直流无刷电机 .164.硬件设计 .174.1 无刷电机的选择 .174.2 电机驱动器介绍 .184.3 RS-485 通信硬件电路 .14.4 时钟电路设计 .
