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1、动态性动词与静态性动词（1）Dynamic Verb and Static Verb英语动词按其是否可以用于进行时态的语义特征，可以分为动态性动词和静态性动词。大量的动词是动态性的，可以用于进行时态。有一些动词是静态性的，不能用于进行时态。还有不少动词，兼有动态与静态两种特性，而其含义是不同的。动态性动词与静态性动词的用法有四个不同之处：（1）动态性动词可用于进行时态，而静态性动词则不可。这是两种动词最根本的区别，例如：1）John is writing to his father（约翰正在给他的父亲写信。）2）John resembles his father（约翰长得像他的父亲。）John
2、 is resembling his father（Impossible）3）John is painting his house（约翰正在油漆他的房子。）4）John owns a house（约翰拥有一所房子。）John is owning a house（Impossible）有些动词可兼作两类动词，但意思不同。动词“hold”的句子主语是人，则作“握住”解，是个动态性动同；句子主语是处所，则作“容纳”解，是个静态性动词，例如：5）aJohn is holding a ball in his handsbJohn has a ball in his hands（约翰正用两手握住球。）6）
3、aThe bus holds 50 peopleb50 people can sit in the bus（这辆公共汽车能坐五十人。）动词 have 可兼作两种类型。当作动态性动词用时，表示动作的发生或过程，相当于 take，get，receive，eat，drink 等词，可用于进行时态。当作静态性动词用时，表示“拥有”的概念，相当于 own，possess 等词，没有进行时态，例如：7）aI was having my coffee quietlybI was drinking my coffee quietly（当时我正在默默地喝咖啡。）8）aThe man has a new carb
4、The man owns a new carcThe man possesses a new car（这个人有辆新汽车。）动词 consider 后跟名词作宾语，当“考虑”讲，为动态性动词。后跟 that 从句作宾语，当“认为”讲，为静态性动词。 例如：9）aWe shall consider your applicationbWe shall take your application into considerationcWe shall think over your application（我们将考虑你的申请。）10）aI consider（that）you acted very wi
5、selybI think（that）you acted very wiselycTo my mind，you acted very wisely（我认为你做得非常明智。）在动词词组 apply to 中，如果 apply 当及物动词用，则是动态性动词，意为“应用”。如是不及动物词，则是静态性动词，意为“适用于”。例如：11）aThey are applying the new theory to practicebThey are putting the new theory into practice（他们正在把这个新理论应用于实践。）12）aWhat I have said doesnt
6、apply to youbWhat I have said doesnt concern you（我所说的话对你不适用。）不及物动词 look 后跟具有动态含义的前置词 at，便成为动态性动词。后跟具有静态含义的前置词 like，便成为静态性动词。例如：13）aHe is looking at the picture on the wallbHe is taking a look at the picture on the wall（他正在看墙上的画。）14）aHe looks like his fatherbHe resembles his father（他长得像他的父亲。）有些静态性动词，
7、可以充当动态性动词，用于进行时态，表示委婉的口气。例如：15）aI wonder if I could ask you a questionbIm wondering if I could ask you a question（我不知可否问你一个问题。）16）aI hope to leave as soon as possiblebIm hoping to leave as soon as possible（我希望尽早地离开。）在现代英语中，有种越来越多地使用进行时态的趋势，包括静态性动词用于进行时态，表示“惊讶”、“责备”、“抱怨”、“批评”等感情色彩。例如：17）My grandfathe
8、r is forgetting names nowadays（现在我爷爷老是记不起别人的名字。）18）These old people are all remembering the days of their childhood（这些老人居然都还记得他们的童年往事。）19）The old man is surely imagining things（这位老人肯定是在想什么事情。）Dynamic Verb and Static Verb（2）动态性动词大多可用于祈使句（Imperative Sentence），静态性动词则不可。例如：20）Keep the house clean and ti
9、dy！（要保持房子整齐清洁！）21）Own the house！（Impossible）22）Do as your father does（照你父亲那样做。）23）Resemble your father（Impossible）动词 have 作动态性动词用，可用于祈使句，例如：24）a Have some tea！bDrink some tea！（请喝点茶！）smell 当动态性动词用，表示感觉行为，可用于祈使句；当静态性动词用，表示感觉表现，不可用于祈使句，例如：25）a Smell this meatDoes it smell bad？bTakeHave a smell at this
10、meatDoes it give/have a bad smell？（闻一闻这块肉，看它有没有坏味道？）动词当作动态性动词用于祈使句中，往往表达的是原义。当作静态性动词，往往含有引伸义，但不用于祈使句。试以 hold 为例：26）a Hold the handle very firmlybGrasp the handle！very firmly（请紧紧抓住这个把手。）27）a Hold your head up！bKeep your head up！（仰着脑袋！）28）a Plato held（the view）that the soul is immortalbPlato believedt
11、hought that the soul is immortal（柏拉图认为灵魂是不朽的。）（3）动态性动词可用于内嵌句（Embeded Sentence）中，即充当 Vsb to do sth结构中的复合宾语（Complex Object）部分的 to do；而静态性动词不可。例如：29）a I told him to abandon his attemptbHe was told to abandon his attempt（我叫他放弃尝试。）30）a I told him not to hit a man when he was downbHe was told not to hit a
12、 man when he was down（我叫他不要乘人之危。）31）I told him to act as an interpreter（我叫他充当译员。）32）I told him to look like an interpreter（Impossible）33）I told him to keep the house（我叫他管理这个家。）34）I told him to possess the house（Impossible）（4）动态性动词可用于带有 do 代词形式的假拟分裂句（Pseudocleft Sentence with Do Pro-form）中；静态性动词则不可。
13、例如：35）What I did was（to）solve the problem（我所做的事情是去解决这个问题。）36）What I did was to know the problem（Impossible）A动态性动词：动态性动词大体分为下列五类：（1）活动型动词（Activity Verb ）（2）过程型动词（Process Verb）（3）感觉痛苦型动词（Sense Suffer Verb）（4）过渡型动词（Transitional Verb）（5）瞬时型动词（Momentary Verb ）上述各类动态性动词，用于进行时态，都表示正在进行而尚未结束的动作。除瞬时型动词外，其余各类
14、动词都表示具有一定持续时间的动作。但是，持续时间的长短，取决于多种因素。除了动词本身的语义外，其主语和宾语所用名词的单、复数和含义，也都与持续时间长短有关，例如：37）aMary was asking John a question（玛丽正在问约翰一个问题。）bMary was asking John questions（玛丽正在向约翰问问题。）38）aA car was passing through （一辆汽车正在驶过。）bMany cars were passing through（许多汽车在来来去去。）39）aDick is writing a word on the blackboa
15、rd（狄克正在黑板上写一个字。）bDick is writing a letter to his father（狄克正在给他父亲写信。）cDick is writing a novel about the sufferings of an old woman（狄克在写一部关于一个老妇人的苦难的小说。）（1）活动型动词：英语动词大部分是活动型动词，表明人或物的活动、动作或行为。其主语大多数是有生命的（animate）。ask，call ，drink，eat，help，laugh ，learn ，listen to，look at， play，read，say，smile，walk，work，wr
16、ite 等都属于这个类型，例如：40）aThey were walking around the lakebThey were taking a walk around the lake（他们正绕着湖边散步。）41）aThey were eating supperbThey were taking suppercThey were having supper（他们正在吃晚饭。）42）aThey were talking about their workbThey were having a talk about their work（他们正在谈论工作。）有些动词如 rain，snow，其主语是无生命的（inanimate）。例如：
