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1、9Chapter 2 William Shakespeare Renaissance(文艺复兴): Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and 17th century. It means revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman cultureStanza(诗节): The stanza is a structural division of a poem, consisting of a series of verse lines which usually comprise
2、 a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme. In traditional English poetry, there are various stanzaic forms containing two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or nine lines.Sonnet(十四行诗): The sonnet is a complete lyric consisting of fourteen iambic-pentameter lines. It includes two distinct types: the
3、 Italian or Petrarchan and the English or Shakespearean.The Italian sonnet consists of two parts: the first eight-line part is called the octave, with a rhyme scheme of abbaabba; the second six-line part is called the sestet, with a rhyme scheme of cdecde. Generally, the octave presents the poets su
4、bject or raises a question, while the sestet indicates the significance of the subject, or answers the question or resolves the problem posed in the octave.The English sonnet is made up of three quatrains and a concluding couplet, with the rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg. In the Shakespearean sonn
5、et each quatrain deals with a different aspect of the subject and the couplet either summarizes the theme or makes a final, sometimes contradictory, comment.Sonnet 18Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer
6、s lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmd; And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or natures changing course untrimmd;But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou owest;Nor shall Dea
7、th brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growest: So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this and this gives life to thee. 10Sonnet 73That time of year thou mayst in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hangUpon those boughs which shake aga
8、inst the cold, Bare ruind choirs, where late the sweet birds sang. In me thou seest the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in the west, Which by and by black night doth take away,Deaths second self, that seals up all in rest. In me thou seest the glowing of such fire That on the ashes of hi
9、s youth doth lie, As the death-bed whereon it must expire Consumed with that which it was nourishd by. This thou perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,To love that well which thou must leave ere long.Chapter 3 Metaphysical PoetsMetaphysical Poets: A term that is now applied to a group of 17th
10、-century poets who, whether or not directly influenced by John Donne, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry and in religious poetry. Donne set the metaphysical mode by writing against the late Elizabethan poetry of idealized view of human nature and superficially melod
11、ious and smooth style. Metaphysical poetry is usu. characterized by its subtle philosophical reasoning, ironic and sometimes cynical tone, colloquial speech, startling similes and metaphors (called the metaphysical conceit). Metaphysical poetry is a direct influence on the modernist poetry of the 20
12、th-century English literature.The metaphysical conceit is paradoxical metaphor causing a shock to the mind by the unlikeliness of the association. At its best, this kind of image unites disparate experiences in a single impact on the imagination, but often it is only an exhibition of ingenuity.The F
13、leaby John DonneMARK but this flea, and mark in this,How little that which thou deniest me is ;11It suckd me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.Thou knowst that this cannot be saidA sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead ;Yet this enjoys before it woo,And pamperd s
14、wells with one blood made of two ;And this, alas ! is more than we would do.O stay, three lives in one flea spare,Where we almost, yea, more than married are.This flea is you and I, and thisOur marriage bed, and marriage temple is.Though parents grudge, and you, were met,And cloisterd in these livin
15、g walls of jet.Though use make you apt to kill me,Let not to that self-murder added be,And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.Cruel and sudden, hast thou sincePurpled thy nail in blood of innocence?Wherein could this flea guilty be,Except in that drop which it suckd from thee?Yet thou triumphst,
16、 and sayst that thouFindst not thyself nor me the weaker now.Tis true ; then learn how false fears be ;Just so much honour, when thou yieldst to me,Will waste, as this fleas death took life from thee.To his Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell Had we but world enough, and time,This coyness, lady, were no crime.We would sit down and think which wayTo walk, and pass our long loves day;Thou by the Indian Ganges sideShouldst rubies find; I by the tideOf Humber woul
