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1、Black Death migrationPlaque in Weymouth, EnglandThe plague disease, or Black Death, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of ground rodents in Central Asia.1 reported the origin of the plague bacillus to be in China.1 An older theory places the first cases in the s
2、teppes of Central Asia, and others, such as the historian Michael W. Dols, argue that the historical evidence concerning epidemics in the Mediterranean and specifically the Plague of Justinian point to a probability that the Black Death originated in Africa and spread to Central Asia, where it then
3、became entrenched among the rodent population.2 Nevertheless, from Central Asia it was carried east and west along the Silk Road, by Mongol armies and traders making use of the opportunities of free passage within the Mongol Empire offered by the Pax Mongolica. It was reportedly first introduced to
4、Europe at the trading city of Caffa in the Crimeain 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering the disease, they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls to infect the inhabitants. The Genoese traders fled, bringing the plague by ship into Si
5、cily and the south of Europe, whence it spread.3 Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several preexisting conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death. In China, the 13th century Mongol conquest disrupted farming and trading, and
6、led to widespread famine. The population dropped from approximately 120 to 60 million.4 The 14th century plague is estimated to have killed 1/3 of the population of China.5In Europe, the Medieval Warm Period ended sometime towards the end of the 13th century, bringing harsher winters and reduced har
7、vests. In the years 1315 to 1317 a catastrophic famine, known as the Great Famine, struck much of North-West Europe. The famine came about as the result of a large population growth in the previous centuries, with the result that, in the early 14th century the population began to exceed the number t
8、hat could be sustained by productive capacity of the land and farmers.6In Northern Europe, new technological innovations such as the heavy plough and the three-field system were not as effective in clearing new fields for harvest as they were in the Mediterranean because the north had poor, clay-lik
9、e soil.6 Food shortages and skyrocketing prices were a fact of life for as much as a century before the plague. Wheat, oats, hay, and consequently livestock, were all in short supply, and their scarcity resulted in hunger and malnutrition. The result was a mounting human vulnerability to disease, du
10、e to weakened immune systems.The European economy entered a vicious circle in which hunger and chronic, low-level debilitating disease reduced the productivity of labourers, and so the grain output was reduced, causing grain prices to increase. This situation was worsened when landowners and monarch
11、s like Edward III of England (r. 13271377) and Philip VI of France (r. 13281350), out of a fear that their comparatively high standard of living would decline, raised the fines and rents of their tenants.7 Standards of living then fell drastically, diets grew more limited, and Europeans as a whole e
12、xperienced more health problems.In the autumn of 1314, heavy rains began to fall, which led to several years of cold and wet winters. The already weak harvests of the north suffered and the seven-year famine ensued. The Great Famine was the worst in European history, reducing the population by at le
13、ast ten percent.7 Records recreated from dendrochronological studies show a hiatus in building construction during the period, as well as a deterioration in climate.8This was the economic and social situation in which the predictor of the coming disaster, a typhoid (Infected Water) epidemic, emerged
14、. Many thousands died in populated urban centres, most significantly Ypres. In 1318 a pestilence of unknown origin, sometimes identified as anthrax, targeted the animals of Europe, notably sheep and cattle, further reducing the food supply and income of the peasantry.Contentshide 1Asian outbreak 2Eu
15、ropean outbreak 3Middle Eastern outbreak 4Recurrence 5ReferencesAsian outbreakeditThe scenario that would place the first outbreak in central Asia agrees with the first reports of outbreaks in China in the early 1330s. The plague struck the Chinese province of Hubei in 1334. On the heels of the Euro
16、pean epidemic, a more widespread disaster occurred in China during 13531354. Chinese accounts of this wave of the disease record a spread to eight distinct areas: Hubei, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, and Suiyuan,9 throughout the Mongol and Chinese empires. Historian William McNeill noted that voluminous Chinese records on disease and social disruption survive from this period, but no one has studied these sources in depth.10It is p
