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1、 The translation of pp.597-611 ,Section C to G，Handbook of Manufacturing processes IC. Manufacturing Cells (Group Technology)(Family of Parts Concept)The use of manufacturing cells represents a particular kind of factory layout for manufacturing equipment. The essence of the concept is that, when ma
2、nufacturing a particular part or family of similar parts in substantial quantities, the equipment for successive operations on the part should be grouped together. The operator - or team of operators who make that part (or the family of parts) - operate all the equipment in the cell. This arrangemen
3、t is in contrast to a more traditional factory layout that groups like equipment together in departments. Then parts move from department to department for each operation. The advantage of the cell layout is that lines of communication and transportation are made very short. The factorys through-put
4、 rate is speeded; work-in-process inventory is greatly reduced; when problems arise at one operation, their effect on subsequent operations is immediately recognized. Route sheets to control movement of parts through the factory are greatly simplified or not needed. Operators learn what is needed at
5、 each operation to avoid problems at subsequent operations and have the satisfaction of seeing the results of their efforts. Quality tends to improve. The dis- advantage is that there is apt to be lesser utilization of some equipment. There is also the necessity of having operators learn the operati
6、on of several kinds of equipment rather than specializing in one type. The concept is illustrated in Fig. 14C for one particular family of machined parts. Fig. 14G8 shows a more advanced system where a robot does the handling between operations. When a circular layout is used, the robot can tend all
7、 machines in the cell.C.制造单元（组合工艺） （元件簇的概念） 制造单元的使用代表一些工厂对制造设备独特 的布局，这一概念的实质是当制造较大数量的特殊元件或者大量相似零件簇，对于部分进行连续操作的整体应该组合起来，那些制造元件（或元件簇）的操作员或操作团队将所有的设备运营成一个单元，这一安排跟那些设备都聚集在一个部分的较为传统的工厂布局是相反的，因此每一个操作都要把元件从一个部门移到另外一个部门。单元布局的优点就是交通运输线变得很短，工厂的流通性得以提高；在制品的存货大大减小；当在某个环节出现问题时，随后的环节就会立马意识到。贯穿工厂控制各个部分的运作线路被大大简化或者
8、被取消。操作员知道在每个操作中需要做什么去避免在随后操作中出现的问题，然后根据看到的效应给予补偿。使质量趋于完善。它的缺点是对于一些设备的利用有变少的趋势。因此让操作员学习多种设备的操作也是很有必要的，而不是专门操作一种设备，这一概念在 Fig.14c中关于零件的特殊簇进行了阐述。Fig.14G8 展示了一个由机器人进行各种操作的更先进的系统。当使用循环布局时，在单元内，机器人可以照管所有的机器。 The translation of pp.597-611 ,Section C to G，Handbook of Manufacturing processes IIFig. 14C The co
9、ncept of a manufacturing cell illustrated with a cell arranged to make a family of spur gears of various pitches and diameters from forged blanks . This cell is shown with one operator for seven operations,based on the use of automatic equipment. A similar arrangement may be made using more operator
10、s and possibly duplicate machines for some workstations depending on the production level needed, and the operation time at each workstation. The gear blanks are first faced on both sides, turned, drilled and reamed at station one. At station 2, a keyway is broached in the center hole. At station 3,
11、 the gear teeth are hobbed and at station 4, they are finish shaved. Stat ion 5 is a brush deburrer. At stat ion 6, the gear is laser- marked to identify its model or part number, and with other descriptive Fig.14C 制造单元的概念被阐述为由一个单元排列成锻造栏中由各种强度和直径的传动齿轮组成的簇。基于自动设备的使用，这个单元显示一个操作员对应七个操作。由于生产标准的需要和每个工作站的
12、操作时间，对于一些工作站，类似的布局可能使用更多的操作员，或者可能增加成倍的机器。在站 1，齿轮栏两侧首先会经过转动，钻铰。在站 2，在中心孔钻出键槽。在站 3，齿轮齿滚齿。在站 4，完成修面。在站 5,是一个刷子去毛机。在站 6，用激光标识齿轮的型别或零件序号，和其它描述性数据。在站 7，各 The translation of pp.597-611 ,Section C to G，Handbook of Manufacturing processes III种量具和检测设data. At station 7, various gages and inspection devices are
13、 used to ensure that quality is of the pre- scribed level. The small tables between machines act as decouplers/Kanbans, containing small amounts of work- in- process, to illustrate which machines may need operator attention to maintain production flow. Ideally, these tables are empty and all work-in
14、-process is undergoing machine operations.D. Advanced Inspection DevicesDl. coordinate measuring machines (CMMs)- utilize diffraction gratings to gauge the position of a measuring probe with high accuracy. Typical systems include, in addition to the measuring machine, a sensing probe, a control and
15、computing system and measuring software. Various kinds of probes may be used. The probe is moveable with very low friction because of nearly friction-free linear bearings in the machine. The workpiece to be measured is placed on the granite table and is then stationary. The electronic touch probe is
16、 guided to move around the workpiece and make contact with it where measurements are wanted. Probe movements can be in the x, y, or z direction.Movement of the probe can be manual, by CNC, or by a programmable controller. The readout console displays the position of the probe simultaneously in terms of the three coordinates. Different probe shapes can be used, depending on the element that is being measured.For example, if dimensions involving the center axes of
