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1、Study of the Quota System of U.S. HigherEducation Enrollment美国高等教育招生配额制研究姓名：毛琴年级：2015 级专业：英语文学学号：2015129AbstractThe quota system of U.S. higher education enrollment can be divide into three periods. The first period is the end of the nineteenth century to the nineteen fifties. It used to limit the s
2、tudents who came from some groups which were divided by racial and religious factors. The second period is the nineteen sixties to the end of the seventies. The quota system turned into a policy which gives preferential treatment to minority. There were two kinds of it. One is in the enrollment dire
3、ctly for the minority to set aside the corresponding places, white competition remaining places; another is the common name for all competitive admissions to minority candidates with a certain fraction to white candidates in the recruitment. The third period since after the 1978 Bakke case, quota sy
4、stem connotation changed again. The racial is a plus factor in enrollment.This paper mainly studies on the controversies research of the quota system of U.S. higher education enrollment.” Through the research we can know that U.S. higher education enrollment still need quota system to regulate.Key W
5、ords: Quota system; U.S. higher education enrollment; regulate摘要在美国高等教育领域招生政策中配额制的演变大致可以分为三个时期。第一个时期是 19 世纪末到 20 世纪 50 年代，这时的配额制是指用种族和宗教因素限制特定群体的入学比例。第二个时期是 20世纪 60 年代至 70 年代末，配额制转变为在政策上向少数族裔倾斜的一种录取方式。它的具体实施方式分为两种，一种是在招生名额中直接为少数族裔留出相应的名额，白人竟争余下的名额;另一种是在招生时给少数族裔考生加上一定分数再去和白人考生共同竞争全部的招生名额。配额制演变的第三个时期是
6、 1978 年巴基案判决之后至今，配额制内涵再次发生转变，主要是指在招生时将种族背景作为一个附加因素加以考虑。本文主要对美国高等教育招生配额制的争议进行研究，通过研究论述力求阐释现今的美国高等教育仍然需要配额制的调节这一事实。关键词：配额制；美国高等教育招生；改革Equality has been an important principle that the United States follows,and Americans have been working for equality since the founding of the United States more than 2
7、00 years ago. Particularly after World War II, with the development of national civil rights movement in the United States,black minority continue to struggle to seek equality.They demanded that they were endowed with equal rights as white people in such areas as employment, education and they also
8、hoped to be enrolled in mainstream of the society.Previously, because of apartheid, blacks, not involved in the mainstream of society, lived a life totally different from the white people in all aspects of social life. Especially in the field of education, the old apartheid required black and white
9、to study at different schools, in which black schools were equipped with inferior teachers and educational resources.In this case,its difficult for the black-dominated minority to enter higher education of the United States in their own accomplishments. Thus, they were not in favorable position in t
10、he labor market, and this formed a cyclic weakness. 20 世纪 60 年代末、70 年代初，美国高等教育领域的各院校在招生政策中制定了对少数族裔的优待政策即配额制。此时的配额制是指美国大学招生时，在政策上向少数族裔倾斜的一种录取方式。起初，配额制有两种具体实施方式，一种是在招生名额中直接为少数族裔留出相应的名额，白人竞争余下的名额;另一种是在招生时给少数族裔考生加上一定分数再去和白人考生共同竞争全部的招生名额。随着时间发展，局势变化，尤其是在巴基案(University Of California Regents v.Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, 1978)之后，配额制只保留了后一种方式且要求更严格。变化如此大的配额制它的存废问题，一直是人们争论的焦点。
