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1、 Eight organs of speechSpeech organs produce the many sounds needed for language. Organs used include the lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum (soft palate), uvula and glottis.Speech organsor articulatorsare of two types: passive articulators and active articulators. Passive artic
2、ulators remain static during the articulation of sound. Upper lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, and pharynx wall are passive articulators. Active articulators move relative to these passive articulators to produce various speech sounds, in different manners. The most impo
3、rtant active articulator is the tongue. The lower lip and glottis are other active articulators.1.LipsLips are a visible body part at the mouth of humans and many animals. Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are a t
4、actile sensory organ, and can be erogenous when used in kissing and other acts of intimacy.The lips serve for creating different sounds - mainly the labial, bilabial, and labiodental consonant sounds - and thus create an important part of the speech apparatus. The lips enable whistling and the perfo
5、rming of wind and brass instruments such as the trumpet, clarinet, flute and saxophone.2.TeethSounds can be formed by using the teeth to shape the lips, in combination with the tongue, or to block air from escaping the mouth.3.TongueThe tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the floors of the mouths of m
6、ost vertebrates which manipulates food for mastication. It is the primary organ of taste, as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels. In humans a secondary function o
7、f the tongue is phonetic articulation.4.Alveolar ridgeAn alveolar ridge (also known as the alveolar margin) is one of the two jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth. The alveolar ridges contain the s
8、ockets (alveoli) of the teeth. They can be felt with the tongue in the area right above the top teeth or below the bottom teeth. Its surface is covered with little ridges. Sounds made with the tongue touching the alveolar ridge while speaking are called alveolar. Examples of alveolar consonants in E
9、nglish are, for instance, t, d, s, z, n, l like in the words time, dragon, silly, zeal, nasty and lollipop. There are exceptions to this however, such as speakers of the New York Accent who pronounce t and d at the back of their teeth. When pronouncing these sounds the tongue touches (t, d, n), or n
10、early touches (s, z) the upper alveolar ridge which can also be referred to as gum ridge. In many other languages these same consonants are articulated slightly differently, and are often described as dental consonants. In many languages consonants are articulated with the tongue touching or close t
11、o the upper alveolar ridge. The former are called alveolar plosives, and the latter alveolar fricatives.5.hard palateThe hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. It spans the arch formed by the upper teeth.It is formed by the palatine process of the
12、 maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone.It forms a partition between the nasal passages and the mouth. This partition is continued deeper into the mouth by a fleshy extension called the soft palate.The interaction between the tongue and the hard palate is essential in the formation of certain
13、 speech sounds, notably /t/, /d/, /j/, and /.6.velum(soft palate)The soft palate (also known as velum or muscular palate) is the soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth. The soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in that it does not contain bon
14、e.The soft palate is movable, consisting of muscle fibers sheathed in mucous membrane. It is responsible for closing off the nasal passages during the act of swallowing, and also for closing off the airway. During sneezing, it protects the nasal passage by diverting a portion of the excreted substan
15、ce to the mouth.The uvula hangs from the end of the soft palate. Research shows that the uvula is not actually involved in snoring processes. This has been shown through inconsistent results from uvula removal surgery. Snoring is more closely associated with fat deposition in the pharynx, enlarged t
16、onsils of Waldeyers Ring, or deviated septum problems. Touching the uvula or the end of the soft palate evokes a strong gag reflex in most people.7.Palatine uvulaThe uvula (pronounced /juvjl/) is the conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers (musculus uvulae).1The uvula plays a key role i
