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1、GNU/Linux 常用命令介绍文 件 和 目 录 处 理创 建 目 录 :mkdir dir创 建 嵌 套 目 录 :mkdir p dir1/dir2切 换 目 录 :cd newdircd . (上一级目录)cd -(上一次目录)cd (用户根目录)cd bill (home directory of user bill)显 示 当 前 目 录 :pwd文 件 拷 贝 :cp source_file dest_file拷 贝 多 个 文 件 到 目 录 下 :cp file1 file2 dir目 录 拷 贝 （ 目 录 递 归 ） :cp r source_dir dest_dirrs
2、ync a source_dir/ dest_dir/建 立 一 个 链 接 :ln s linked_file link文 件 ， 链 接 ， 目 录 更 名 :mv source_file dest_file删 除 文 件 或 链 接 :rm file1 file2删 除 空 目 录 :rmdir dir删 除 不 为 空 的 目 录 :rm rf dir文 件 列 表列 出 当 前 目 录 所 以 常 规 文 件 （ 不 以 .开 始 的 文 件 ）ls带 更 多 信 息 的 列 出 :ls -l列 出 当 前 目 录 的 所 有 文 件 (包 含 以 .开 头 的 文 件 )：ls -
3、a按 时 间 排 序 :ls -t按 大 小 排 序 ：ls -S反 方 向 排 序 :ls -r参 数 可 以 组 合 :ls -ltrDISPLAYING FILE CONTENTSConcatenate and display file contents:cat file1 file2Display the contents of several files (stopping at each page):more file1 file2less file1 file2 (better: extra features)Display the first 10 lines of a fil
4、e:head -10 fileDisplay the last 10 lines of a file:tail -10 fileFile name pattern matchingConcatenate all “regular” files:cat *Concatenate all “hidden” files:cat .*Concatenate all files ending with .log:cat *.logList “regular” files with bug in their name:ls *bug*List all “regular” files ending with
5、 . and a single character:ls *.?HANDLING FILE CONTENTSShow only the lines in a file containing a given substring:grep substring fileCase insensitive search:grep i substring fileShowing all the lines but the ones containing a substring:grep v substring fileSearch through all the files in a directory:
6、grep r substring dirSort lines in a given file:sort fileSort lines, only display duplicate ones once:sort -u file (unique)CHANGING FILE ACCESS RIGHTSAdd write permissions to the current user:chmod u+w fileAdd read permissions to users in the file group:chmod g+r fileAdd execute permissions to other
7、users:chmod o+x fileAdd read + write permissions to all users:chmod a+rw fileMake executable files executable by all:chmod a+rX *Make the whole directory and its contents accessible by all users:chmod R a+rX dir (recursive)COMPARING FILES AND DIRECTORIESComparing 2 files:diff file1 file2Comparing 2
8、files (graphical):gvimdiff file1 file2tkdiff file1 file2kompare file1 file2Comparing 2 directories:diff r dir1 dir2LOOKING FOR FILESFind all files in the current (.) directory and its subdirectories with log in their name:find . -name“*log*”Find all the .pdf files in dir and subdirectories and run a
9、 command on each:find . -name“*.pdf” exec xpdf ;Quick system-wide file search by pattern (caution: index based, misses new files):locate “*pub*”REDIRECTING COMMAND OUTPUTRedirect command output to a file:ls *.png image_filesAppend command output to an existing file:ls *.jpg image_filesRedirect comma
10、nd output to the input of another command:cat *.log | grep errorJOB CONTROLShow all running processes:ps -efLive hit-parade of processes (press P, M, T: sort by Processor, Memory or Time usage):topSend a termination signal to a process:kill (number found in ps output)Have the kernel kill a process:k
11、ill -9 Kill all processes (at least all user ones):kill -9 -1Kill a graphical application:xkill (click on the program window to kill)FILE AND PARTITION SIZESShow the total size on disk of files or directories (disk usage):du sh dir1 dir2 file1 file2Number of bytes, words and lines in file:wc file (w
12、ord count)Show the size, total space and free space of the current partition:df h .Display these info for all partitions:df -hCOMPRESSINGCompress a file:gzip file (.gz format)bzip2 file (.bz2 format, better)lzma file (.lzma format, best compression)Uncompress a file:gunzip file.gzbunzip2 file.bz2unl
13、zma file.lzmaARCHIVINGCreate a compressed archive (tape archive):tar zcvf archive.tar.gz dirtar jcvf archive.tar.bz2 dirtar -lzma -cvf archive.tar.lzmaTest (list) a compressed archive:tar ztvf archive.tar.gztar jtvf archive.tar.bz2tar lzma tvf archive.tar.lzmaExtract the contents of a compressed arc
14、hive:tar zxvf archive.tar.gztar jxvf archive.tar.bz2tar lzma xvf archive.tar.lzmatar options:c: createt: testx: extractj: on the fly bzip2 (un)compressionz: on the fly gzip (un)compressionHandling zip archiveszip r archive.zip (create)unzip t archive.zip (test / list)unzip archive.zip (extract)PRINT
15、INGSend PostScript or text files to queue:lpr Pqueue f1.ps f2.txt (local printer)List all the print jobs in queue:lpq -PqueueCancel a print job number in queue:cancel 123 queuePrint a PDF file:pdf2ps doc.pdflpr doc.psView a PostScript file:ps2pdf doc.psxpdf doc.pdfUSER MANAGEMENTList users logged on
16、 the system:whoShow which user I am logged as:whoamiShow which groups user belongs to:groups userTell more information about user:finger userSwitch to user hulk:su - hulkSwitch to super user (root):su - (switch user)su (keep same directory and environment)TIME MANAGEMENTWait for 60 seconds:sleep 60Show the current date:dateCount the time taken by a command:time find_charming_prince cute -richCOMMAND HELPBasic help (works
