《全英文食品生物技术课程论文》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《全英文食品生物技术课程论文（9页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、研究生课程论文题 目: Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides姓 名: 课 程: 专 业: 学 号: 指 导教师: 职称: 2016 年 1 月 15 日Abstract:Resistant bacterial infections are a major health problem in many parts of the world. The major commercial antibiotic classes often fail to combat common bacteria.Antimicrobial peptides (
2、AMPs) are able to control bacterial infections by interfering with microbial metabolism and physiological processes in several ways.However, successful pathogens have developed mechanisms to resist AMPs.To gain a better understanding of the resistance process various technologies have been applied.w
3、e review progress on the use of in vivo infection models in AMP research and discuss the AMP resistance mechanisms that have been established by in vivo studies to contribute to microbial infection.we discuss multiple strategies by which bacteria could develop enhanced antimicrobial peptide resistan
4、ce, focusing on sub-cellular regions from the surface to deep inside, evaluating bacterial membranes, cell walls and cytoplasmic metabolism. Key word:Antimicrobial peptides; resistance; Membrane; cell wall1 IntroductionIn recent years, antibiotic resistance has increasingly become an uncontrollable
5、health problem. Bacterial infections caused by resistant strains can be found in hospitals around the world, being extremely common in immune compromised patients 1. Antibiotics are able to control bacterial infections, interfering with microbial metabolism and physiological processes, such as DNA r
6、eplication and cell wall biosynthesis. Although multiple compounds are often used, cases of resistance to the majority of antibiotic classes used in hospitals have been reported. The last report from the American Centers for Disease Control estimated that over two million illnesses and 23,000 deaths
7、 were caused by drug-resistant microbes in the USA in 2013. These numbers have encouraged health organizations to establish stricter policies for antibiotic use in order to curtail the emergence of resistance. These policies are unquestionably helping to protect patients in many countries. If, on th
8、e one hand, a reliable policy for the use of antibiotics is necessary, the development of new drugs with potential activity against these pathogens is also essential.Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are effective antibiotic agents found in plants, animals and microorganisms. These molecules have a broa
9、d spectrum of action, often being active against bacteria, fungi and protozoans. The amphipathic structure, common to AMPs, facilitates their interactions and insertion into the anionic cell wall and phospholipid membranes of microorganisms 2. Frequently, AMP activity resultsfrom the disturbance of
10、cell membrane integrity. However, AMPs can act in different cell targets including DNA , RNA , regulatory enzymes and other proteins, appearing as a promising alternative to classic antibiotics. Nevertheless, once AMPs have been put into current clinical use, the development of AMP-resistant strains
11、 will be inevitable 3. Thus, the understanding of bacterial resistance against these compounds is extremely necessary for a possible rational planning of the next antibiotic generation. To shed some light on the bacterial resistance process, severaltechnologies including mass spectrometry and high-t
12、hroughput techniques have been applied to analyses of bacterial physiology in response to antibiotic stress .A full understanding of how bacteria overcome AMP-mediated attack during infection requires a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro work is critical to understanding the genes
13、, proteins, and mechanisms involved in AMP resistance; however, the contribution of these in vitro-established mechanisms to bacterial disease can only be elucidated in vivo. Here, we review the literature on in vivo studies that examine the role of AMP resistance mechanisms in bacterial pathogenesi
14、s. We first describe the major in vivo models used in these studies; we then discuss the collective findings of in vitro and in vivo research that established AMP resistance mechanisms which contribute significantly to bacterial disease.we discuss different strategies by which bacteria can develop A
15、MP resistance from the surface to deep inside, evaluating the bacterial resistance process layer by layer. Moreover, some technologies for detecting antimicrobial resistance are also discussed.2 In vivo models of AMP resistance mechanisms in pathogenesis2.1Human models of infectionTo study human pathogens,an ideal in vivo model would be ahuman experimental infection model.Of course,concerns such as safetyto the human subjects and transmissibility to the public preclude theability to perform human infection experiments with most bacterialpathogens.However,within limitations imposed for med
