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1、9.第九章 名词及冠词（41-47 ）一名词单数名词 名词前加 a / an可数名词复数名词 名词后加 s / es 按照 数 分类不可数名词 只有单数形, 且不可加 a /an普通名词 集合名词（可数名词）按照 种类 分类抽象名词 物质名词;专有名词 (不可数名词)School begins in September. *School 是不可数名词 *go to school, 去上学 go to the school 去到学校*There are three schools in this town. *School 学校这个建筑物 *go to bed,去睡觉， go to the be
2、d 上床去(1). 普通名词 book, pencil, sweater 等 1. Whales are mammals. 鲸是哺乳类动物 mammal 哺乳类= A whale is a mammal. = The whale is a mammal.2. I met a boy. The boy had a ball in his hands. (2) 群体名词A: 单数，复数皆可 Family, audience, class, club, company, crew, crowd, government, public, staff, team1. His family is a bi
3、g one. His family are all tall.2. Our team has won the championship.The team were all excited.B: 复数形 police, cattle, people, poultry.家禽1. The police have caught him. 警察已经抓到他了。2. Many people angry at the case.C: 单数形 baggage, clothing, furniture, machinery 机器, merchandise 商品货物, poetry 诗歌, scenery 景色重点
4、：特殊的集合名词a. 表水果总称 用不加冠词单数形 fruit.b. 表水果种类 一种: a fruit. A kind of fruit, two kinds of fruit 两种以上: fruits.fruitc. 表 成果，结果 Fruits (抽象 )1. Do you eat much fruit?2. The potato is not a fruit but a vegetable.3. His success was the fruits of hard work.2.a.表数量 一条鱼: a fish; 两条以上： two fish.b.表种类 一种: a fish; 两种
5、以上 : fishes, dishFishc.表 鱼肉 fishI caught three fish yesterday.There are a lot of fishes living in the sea.3.表人们 People （复数）一个是 a person 两个人 two persons.people表国民，民族 一个 a peope; 两个以上：peoplesThe people were injured in the accident.The Chinese are said to be an industrious people. 中国人是勤奋的民族。 Mary is sa
6、id to be an industrious person.Industry 的（1）形容词解释成 industrial 工业的；（2 ）industrial 勤奋的4.表全部 ：hairhair表根根 ：a hair / hairsShe has thick hair. He pulled out two white hairs.(3) 抽象名词：Kindness, beauty, honestya. 一般情形：不加冠词，单数形。1. I like music. 2. This is important information.b. 表程度可加 much, any, some, (a) l
7、ittle 等。1. I have little hope of succeeding. 2. I have a lot of homework to do.c: 表限定,加 the 1. Necessity is the mother of invention. 2. You should know the difficulty of learning how to drive a car.d: 数抽象名词是 用 a piece of / an item of 等。1. He gave me a wonderful piece of advice. *two pieces of advice
8、.2. She sent us an item of news.e. 表示各别行为事件时可加 a(an),也可用复数形1. The computer is a marvelous invention.2. I will tell you my views of the matter.f: 介词+抽象名词-of+ 抽象名词 =形容词With+抽象名词=副词1. He is a man of ability. = He is an able man.He is a man of power. = He is a powerful man.2. The information is of no va
9、lue to me. = The information is valueless to me. 3. Mary passed the exam with ease. = Mary passed the exam easily.注意：介系词的后面加上一个抽象概念的名词，就会变成形容词或者副词的用法。of importance = important. With care = carefully. On purpose = intentionally. By accident = accidently(4) 物质名词light, water, money 等A. 一般情形 不加冠词，单数形1.
10、This statue is made of stone. (stone 物质名词) 小石头叫 pebble. 岩石 rock 巨石 boulder注意：The crowd threw stones at the police.B. 限定的量可加 some, a lot of, much 等。1. I dont need much money to buy that camera. 2. We have little rain here. 这里几乎不下雨。C. 特定的物品可加冠词，代名词或所有格等。1. This beef is from Australian.2. Lets go to th
11、e liquor store.D: 将物质名词量化 数字+ +物质名词形状：a piece of chalk 一支粉笔, a sheet of paper, 一张纸（有规格的） ，a piece of paper 一张纸(没有规格)a slice of bread. 一片面包容器：a bottle of cola, a glass of water, a cup of tea.单位：a pound of butter, a liter of milk, a spoonful of sugar.*一群鱼类 (只有鱼类才可以用 school 这个群体单位) a school of whales.*
12、牛群，羊群， a herd of milk. 一群鸟 a flock of birds (5) 专有名词- Mary, Youth Park, Japan 等。A：一般情形-开头字母大写，不加冠词，没有复数形。1. Dr Jones photographed many wild animals in Africa.2. Henry walked down Bridge Street to save time.B： 加定冠词之专有名词河川，海洋，海峡等 The Amazon, the Pacific Ocean.船，列车 the Titanic, the MRT.公共建筑：the White H
13、ouse, the British Musem.报纸，杂志：the Times, the AsahiC: 加必定冠词或复数形的专有名词1. A Mr. Brown has come to see you. 有一个叫 Brown 先生的人来看你了。2. He is the Edison of Taiwan. 他是台湾的爱迪生。 （表示他也会发明东西，被称为台湾的爱迪生）3. My wife was a Smith. 我太太是属于 Smith 家族的一员。4. He has two Picassos. 他又两幅毕卡索的画。二， 名词的复数形(1) 规则变化字尾以,s,x,ch,sh,或子音加 o.
14、= buses,boxes, churches,dishes,heroes. Heroine（女英雄）字尾子+y= 去 y+ies:cities,babies.字尾 f,fe=去 f,fe+ves:leaves, wives注意：Stomachs, pianos, photos, roofs, safes, beliefs *safe 当形容词安全的，当名词保险箱。Safety.名词安全(2) 不规则变化常用的不规则变化名词 Man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse- mice, child- children单数，复数同行: Ja
15、panese, Chinese, carp, sheep, deer, species外来语的复数形 datum-data, medium-media, crisis-crises, analysis-analyses文字，数字简称的复形 UFOs/ UFOs; The 80s/ 80s; CDs / CDs复合名词的复数形：Passer-by -passers-by; College student- college student; Woman astronaut-women astronauts重点: 1.单数，复数意思不同时Paper-papers(文件), work-works(工厂
16、) 一间工厂 a works 许多间工厂 many works, part-parts(零件，才能) 有才能的人 a man of parts, water-waters(水域，海域) the waters of Adamson 亚马孙河的水 . Ash(烟灰)-ashes( 骨灰; 灰烬); force(力量)-forces( 空军军队); the armed forces 海陆空三军. Arm(手臂)-arms(武器)Custom(风俗)-customs(关税) The customs 海关, manner(方法)-manners(礼仪); table manners 餐桌礼仪Letter(信件)-letters(文学); a dear-John letter 一封绝交的分手信 Air- airs(装腔作势) Tom like to put on airs. Tom 喜欢装腔作势2.必用复数形-glasses 眼镜, contact
