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1、从句一 定义1. 句子分为简单句和复合句。简单句是只有一个主谓宾结构。复合句是由两个或两个以上的主谓宾结构构成的句子。2. 复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句是全句的主体，从句是主句的一个成分，它不能单独做句子，它在句子中作什么成分，就叫什么成分的从句，如作主语的就叫主语从句，作宾语的就叫宾语从句，作表语的就叫表语从句，作定语的叫定语从句，作状语的就叫状语从句。3. 复合句主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句） 、形容词性从句（即定语从句） 、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等） 。二 名词性
2、从句（一） 主语从句1.主语从句是指从句充当主语的句子。2.引导词;关系代词：（1)从句成分什么都不缺： thatwhetherif (whether 一般跟 or not 搭配使用，if 不能)That the earth is round is trueWhether she comes or not makes no difference(2)从句成分缺人：whowhomwhosewhoeverwhomever(3)从句成分缺物：whatwhatererwhichwhicheverWho will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.Whom we
3、 must study for is a question of great importance.Whose watch was lost is unknown.What caused the accident remains unknown.Whatever you did is right.关系副词：where:（什么地方） ，从句中缺地点状语when:(什么时候)，从句中缺时间状语why:(什么原因)，从句中缺原因状语how:(如何，怎样)，从句中缺方式状语Where he is from is the question nobody can answerShe dont know h
4、ow she can get to the hospitalWhy he is late is he was ill yesterday3.主语从句的特殊形式:it 做形式主语的主语从句结构(1) It is 名词从句 It is a fact an honor that（2) it is 形容词从句 It is natural obviouspossible that(3) it is 不及物动词从句 It seems happened that (4) it 过去分词从句 It is reported that 据报道It is said that据说It has been proved
5、that 已证实4. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him
6、 that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. (wrong) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely
7、 that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)5.注意：（1）主 语 从 句 的 时 态 ： 不 受 主 句 的 时 态 影 响 和 限 制 。Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（ 2） 主 语 从 句 中 的 引 导 词 放 在 句 首 不 能 省 略（二） 宾语从句1. 从句在主句中
8、充当宾语的句子是宾语从句2.引导词3.宾语从句的几种形式（1）做 及 物 动 词 的 宾 语I heard that he joined the army.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.She told me that she would accept my invitation.(2) 作介词的宾语 Our success depends upon how hard we work(3).作形容词的宾语 I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. I am glad that you hav
9、e made such progress(4)动词+it+that 结构It 做形式宾语，代替 that 引导的宾语从句He has made it clear that he wont give up the opportunityWe consider it necessary that we should open out(5)宾语从句否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine 等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如： I dont th
10、ink this dress fits you well.4.注意：（1）宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序（2）如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制，如果主句时态是过去时，宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时（即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等） 。He thought he was working for the people I heard she had been to the Great W all John hoped that he would find a job soon 但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等，则不变化： The teacher t
11、old us that the earth moves around the sun（三） 表语从句从句在主句中充当表语成分的句子是表语从句。一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. This is why we cant get the support of the peopleBut the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.（四） 同位语从句1.同位语从句是修饰前面名词的从句。The
12、 kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1) 定语从句中的 that 既代替
13、先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语） ，而同位语从句中的 that 是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。 (2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。 ）（第一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句，that 在从句中作宾语） The news that Tom would go abroad is told b
14、y him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。 ） （同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）三形容性从句（定语从句）（一） 含义：从句充当定语成分的句子叫做定语从句。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。（二） 限制性定语从句1. 限制性定语是指定语从句紧跟它所修饰的中心名词或代词之后，没有逗号分开。2. 引导词：分为关系代词和关系副词。（1） 关系代词引导的定语从句：that:指代人、事物，作主语、宾语，做宾语时可以省略who:指代人，做主语whom:指代人，做宾语，可以
15、省略。它在口语和非正式用语中常用 who 代替，可以省略The man whowhom you met just now is my brother.which:指代事物，做主语、宾语。做宾语可以省略whose:指代人、物，做定语，其后直接加名词He has a friend whose father is a doctor.The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.指物时常用以下结构代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The class
16、room the door of which is broken will soon be repaired（2） 关系副词引导的定语从句：where：指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语Shai hai is the city where I was bornThe house where I live ten years ago has been pulled downwhen: 指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语I still remember the day when I first came to the schoolwhy: 指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane注意:关系副词引导的定语从句都可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来代替Shai hai is the city wherein which I was bornI still r
