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1、1短时高温暴露对 B 型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱存活以及生殖适应性的影响崔旭红 1， 谢明 1,2，万方浩 1,2（ 1 中国农业科学院植物保护研究所 植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室，北京，100094；2 农业部外来入侵生物预防与控制研究中心，北京，100081）摘要：【目的】研究短时高温暴露对B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱成虫存活和生殖适应性影响的差异。 【方法】将B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的成虫在不同温度 （37、39、41、43、45）下暴露1 h后比较两种粉虱存活、产卵量、后代存活情况的变化以及两者的差异。 【结果】随着暴露温度的升高，B型烟粉虱成虫的存活率从99.1%下降到42.6%，温室白粉虱成虫
2、的存活率从95.0% 下降到13.5%。两种粉虱雌雄虫在45高温暴露1 h后，B 型烟粉虱成虫的寿命超过10 d，而温室白粉虱成虫存活的时间不足24 h，存在显著差异。高温暴露对B 型烟粉虱成虫的产卵量没有显著影响，但后代的存活率随着暴露温度的升高由70.7% 下降到25.1% 。温室白粉虱成虫在37 43暴露1 h后雌虫产卵量由62.4粒下降到1.5粒，45 暴露1小时后停止了产卵活动；导致B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱成虫后代50%和90%个体死亡的温度分别相差 1.6和4.1。 【结论】 B型烟粉虱成虫的耐热性高于温室白粉虱，高温对B型烟粉虱成虫存活和生殖适应性的影响要小于温室白粉虱，这有利于B
3、型烟粉虱种群在夏季高温季节的发生。 B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱对高温适应性存在差异尤其是高温对两者生殖适应性的影响是导致它们种群季节动态格局和分布存在差异的重要原因。关键词：B型烟粉虱；温室白粉虱；高温暴露；存活；生殖Effects of Brief Exposure to High Temperature on Survival and Fecundity of Two Whitefly Species: Bemisia tabaci B-biotype and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)CUI Xu-hong 1, XI
4、E Ming 1,2, WAN Fang-hao 1,2(1State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094; 2Center for Management of Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081)收稿日期：2006-12-28 ；接受日期：
5、2007-基金项目：国家“973”项目（2002CB111400）资助作者简介：崔旭红（1977-） ，女，湖北襄樊人，博士研究生，研究方向为生物入侵，Tel: 010-68919571, 13810938252; Email: 。通讯作者万方浩（1956-） ，男，湖南临澧人，研究员，博士，研究方向为入侵生物学和昆虫生态学。Tel: 010-68975297; Email: 2Abstract: 【Objective】The effects of brief exposure to high temperature on survival and fecundity of two white
6、fly species, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci B-biotype, (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) were studied to understand occasional changes in the biological characteristic of whitefly species encountered high temperature stress. 【Method 】The survival rate, longevity, reproduction and survival rate
7、from egg to adult of F1 progeny of B. tabaci B-biotype and T. vaporariorum were evaluated after the adults were exposed to five degrees of temperature, 37, 39, 41, 43 and 45, for 1 hour in climatic incubators. 【Result】The survival rates of adults of both whitefly species decreased with the increase
8、of temperature. Within the range of 37 to 45, the survival rate of B. tabaci B-Biotype adults decreased from 99.1% to 42.6%, and T. vaporariorum adults varied from 95.0% to 13.5%. After exposure to 45 for 1 h, the longevity of both sexual adults of B. tabaci B-biotype exceeded 10 days, while all T.
9、vaporariorum died in 24 h. The reproduction per female of B. tabaci B-biotype varied with the exposure temperature, but there were no significant differences between the treated and the control female individuals. However, the total survival rate from egg to adult of F1 progeny that produced by heat
10、ed adults of B. tabaci B-biotype decreased from 70.7% to 25.1%。 In the case of T. vaporariorum, the mean egg number of per T. vaporariorum female adult decreasing from 62.4 to 1.5 within the range of 37 to 43 and the female adults ceased oviposition activity after exposure to 45 for 1 h. The total s
11、urvival rate from egg to adult of F1 progeny that produced by adults of T. vaporariorum was significantly affected by experience of brief exposure to high temperature and the temperature that caused 50% and 90% F1 progeny individuals died exceed B. tabaci B-biotype by 1.6 and 4.7, respectively. 【Con
12、clusion】There were prominent differences between two tested whitefly species in their adaptation to high temperature, and the heat tolerance of T. vaporariorum was significantly lower than that of B. tabaci B-Biotype. The adults of B. tabaci B-biotype were found to be more adaptability to high tempe
13、rature than that of T. vaporariorum in survival and fecundity, which could facilitate the population of B. tabaci B-Biotype development in hot seasons. The adaptive divergence of tolerance to high temperature may be an important reason that leads to two whitefly species interspecific differentiation
14、 in seasonal dynamics and distribution in China. Key words: Bemisia tabaci B-biotype; Trialeurodes vaporariorum; high temperature exposure; survival; fecundity 30 引言【本研究的重要意义】温室白粉虱（Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood）和B 型烟粉虱（Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B-biotype）是先后入侵我国的重要害虫，两者的形态、危害特征及生活史很相似，在生态位上有重叠
15、 14。近年来，B 型烟粉虱在我国北京、河北、山东、广东、海南、江苏等地相继暴发，其危害已经超过温室白粉虱，成为我国园林花卉、蔬菜和一些经济作物的重要害虫 5，6 。研究B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱对高温反应的差异，对探讨B型烟粉虱种群扩张以及B 型烟粉虱烟粉虱与近缘种-温室白粉虱自然种群的替代现象具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】已有研究发现B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱在生境适应过程中种群优势关系具有地域性和季节性差异。近年来，B型烟粉虱在中国南北方大发生，而温室白粉虱长期以来是北方的一种主要温室害虫，在南方一直没有造成过严重危害 57；在两种粉虱混合发生的地区，其种群消长具有一定的季节性规律，夏季高温季节
16、以B型烟粉虱种群为主，而到春秋两季气候趋凉时温室白粉虱种群上升为优势种群 8。 【本研究切入点】因此，我们推测 B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱季节种群动态差异可能与它们对温度特别是极端温度的反应差异有关。 【拟解决的关键问题】我们在室内采用高温暴露试验，研究了B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的耐热性差异以及高温对两种粉虱生殖的影响，希望能从生物学的角度阐明这一生态学现象，解释B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱种群消长具有季节性差异的原因。1. 材料与方法1.1 供试昆虫和寄主植物实验中所用的 B 型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱成虫均采自在温室中长期保持的实验种群。温室内的平均温度 2228，相对湿度为 5060%，自然光。实验中 B 型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的适宜寄主植物分别为棉花（Gossypium hirsutum L.，泗棉 3 号）和菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris L.，供给者）。泗棉 3 号由中国农业科学院植物保护研究所惠赠，菜
