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1、完形填空命题特点与解题技巧本文作者： 汤杰礼 期号：526 阅读数：145一、命题特点分析综观近几年全国各省市高考试题，完形填空题遵循了“突出语篇，强调语用”的设计思路，考查考生在阅读理解的基础上对英语语言知识综合运用的能力。这不仅需要考生具备扎实的语言基础知识功底，而且要具有一定的语篇分析理解能力，具备独立分析、对比取舍和灵活处理问题的能力。分析近三年的高考完形填空试题，大体有以下几个特点：1.选材以记叙文、夹叙夹议类文章为主，议论文和说明文为辅。1) 记叙文类完形填空的特点：记叙文类完形填空有人物故事、历史故事、励志故事等。在文章的写作风格上，作者在叙述某个人或某事件的过程中通常把人物的语
2、言、心理活动的描写也融入其中。这类完形填空更加强调词法知识在语篇中的综合运用，突出了“词汇语境化，语篇整体化”的完形填空命题原则。对于这种体裁除了要把握好文体特点，还要揣摩情节发展， 特别注意人物心理活动的描写，做出正确判断。2) 夹叙夹议类完形填空的特点：夹叙夹议的文章通常主题明确，或告诉读者一个道理，或引人思考，或给人乐趣。高考所选文章语言地道、寓意深刻、可读性强。记叙和议论在文中交错运用，有的是以议论引出记叙，有的是在记叙的基础上发表议论。3) 议论文类完形填空的特点：议论文由论点、论据、论证三个要素组成，这也是一个提出问题分析问题解决问题的过程。因此，它有着较强的说教目的和一定的语言深
3、度，结构清晰，脉络有序。它具有以下两个特点：议论文型完形填空的首句常常是文章的主旨句。作者一般在文章的首段直接提出论点，然后在各段的首句提出分论点，并通过论据论证，最后作者提出自己的看法或提出另一个话题供大家讨论。议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点，而且还要让读者接受自己的观点。因此，在词语表达上除了客观之外，还比较注重委婉，常用虚拟语气、让步状语从句和情态动词 can, could may, might, would, should等；为了辩证推理的条理性和逻辑性，往往较多地使用 so, but, however, since, because, now that, therefore, in t
4、hat case 等过渡词和连接词。2.以情景意义考查为主，语法选择填空极少。完形填空题一般在语境中综合考查考生对词义的理解，而不是对纯语法知识的考查。命题者给出的干扰项单从词性、搭配和语法角度来看往往都是正确的，与空前空后的句子形成某种看似合理的联系，若考生不注意上下文，就容易选错。因此，考生答题时，要立足于对全文的理解，根据上下文的内在逻辑关系及事件之间的逻辑关系做出正确的判断。3.设空以单词填空为主，短语或词组填空为辅；考查以实词为主，虚词为辅。完形填空的选项词汇主要是名词、动词、形容词、副词等实词。短语或词组填空仅起辅助作用，但“动词+介词副词”、 “名词形容词+介词”、 “介词+ 名
5、词” 等习惯搭配也是考点。这样的设置既要求考生具有很好的词感，能熟练运用所学过的常见词汇，还要求他们具有较强的语感，具有对语篇进行整体处理的能力，要做到“上下求索寻信息，左顾右盼找答案，瞻前顾后想全文”，同时结合考生个人所积累的各方面知识正确解读全文，完成“完形”任务。 （下转 A25 版）高 考 真 题 解 析例 1 (2013 年湖北卷)Zigfried, a little mouse, blew his breath on the frosty window of the farmhouse and rubbed it to see the outside. Still nobody c
6、ame. Maybe today, he thought 31 . It was only a few days before Christmas and he was watching for a miracle (奇迹).This farmhouse had been 32 too long. It needed a family. Zigfrieds 33 made a noise. He realized that he hadnt eaten anything since yesterday. He jumped from the windowsill (窗沿), grabbed a
7、 34 from his home, and went next door to Farmer Mikes.Farmer Mikes house had been a great place for the little mouse 35 the farmer married a wife who had a cat. Zigfried 36 when he thought of it. He looked around cautiously as he 37 into the room where grain was stored and was quite 38 as he filled
8、his bag with wheat. He was turning to leave when suddenly he 39 a hot breath about his ear. His heart beat 40 , and without thinking he started to run and luckily 41 the cats paws (爪子).The next afternoon Zigfried heard some good news: a 42 family would be moving into the farmhouse soon. Zigfrieds gr
9、anny would arrive on Christmas Eve to 43 with him. He hoped that the family would come before his granny came. Before long, a car came 44 the road leading to the house, with butter sandwiches, cheese and chocolate.Zigfrieds Christmas miracle did arrive!The house came 45 the next few days. Zigfried 4
10、6 every single hour of them. 47 , the day before Christmas when he was drinking hot chocolate with a 48 smile at the door of his home, he heard the 49 of the children of the family about what they might get for Christmas. What? A cat? The 50 froze on his face; his mouth fell wide open. After a long
11、while, he at last found his voice: “Hey! Whose Christmas miracle is this?”31. A. carefully B. excitedly C. hopefully D. proudly32. A. shabby B. noisy C. messy D. empty33. A. mouth B. nose C. stomach D. throat34. A. bag B. stick C. bowl D. coat35. A. although B. until C. whereas D. unless36. A. leapt
12、 B. sniffed C. trembled D. withdrew37. A. broke B. marched C. paced D. stole38. A. curious B. nervous C. pitiful D. sensible39. A. took B. released C. felt D. drew40. A. strongly B. irregularly C. slowly D. wildly41. A. escaped B. seized C. rubbed D. scratched42. A. close B. happy C. new D. young43.
13、 A. celebrate B. communicate C. compete D. compromise44. A. across B. from C. off D. up45. A. alive B. loose C. open D. still46. A. counted B. enjoyed C. missed D. wasted47. A. However B. Instead C. Moreover D. Therefore48. A. bitter B. forced C. polite D. satisfied49. A. introduction B. discussion
14、C. comment D. debate50. A. blood B. smile C. tear D. sweat二、解题技巧完形填空题要求考生具备的能力之一就是“正确的阅读理解能力”，同时，还要具备扎实的语法、词汇和文化知识的综合积累，是一种全面考查考生语言运用能力的题型。那么，如何应对完形填空考题呢？1.研读首句，判断主旨大意完形填空题一般首句不设空，这为我们理解文章的主旨大意提供了一个“窗口”。在记叙文、夹叙夹议类的文章中，首句往往给出故事的人物、时间、地点、起因等，通过这些信息我们大体可以推知故事的背景。而在说明文、议论文中，首句往往给出的就是文章的主题句或是交待与主题相关的一些背景
15、知识，这些知识限定了文章的主题范围，有利于同学们在阅读时有一个好的逻辑思维起点。因此，在解答完形填空题时，我们要充分重视首句的指示作用，利用它来把握全文大意，从而为解题找到一个突破口。高 考 真 题 解 析例 2 (2013 年山东卷)I used to be a self-centered person, but in the past two years I have really changed. I have started to think about other people 36 I think about myself. Im becoming a 37 person.I th
16、ink my 38 started when I was at Palomar College. At first, I just wanted to get my 39 and be left alone. I thought I was smarter than everyone else, so I hardly ever 40 to anyone in my classes. By the end of my first semester, I was really 41 . It seemed as if everyone but me had made friends and was having fun. So I tried a(n) 42 . I started asking people around me how they were doing, and if they were having trouble I 43 to help. That was really a big 44 for me. B
