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1、Concrete is a composite construction material composed primarily of aggregate, cement, and water. There are many formulations, which provide varied properties. The aggregate is generally a coarse gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, along with a fine aggregate such as sand. The cem
2、ent, commonly Portland cement, and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, serve as a binder for the aggregate. Various chemical admixtures are also added to achieve varied properties. Water is then mixed with this dry composite, which enables it to be shaped (typically poured)
3、 and then solidified and hardened into rock-hard strength through a chemical process called hydration. The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a robust stone-like material. Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but much lower tens
4、ile strength. For this reason it is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel). Concrete can be damaged by many processes, such as the freezing of trapped water.混凝土是一种复合建筑材料主要由骨料，水泥，水。有许多配方，提供多种多样的性质。骨料一般粗砾石或碎石岩如石灰石，花岗岩，随着细集料砂等。常见的水泥，波特兰水泥等胶凝材料，如粉煤灰、矿渣水泥，作为粘结剂的骨料。各种化学
5、外加剂也将实现不同特性。水混合干燥的复合，使其形成（通常是投入）和固化和硬化成岩石硬实力通过化学过程称为水合。水与水泥，债券的其他部分一起，最终建立一个强大的石头等材料。混凝土具有较高的抗压强度，但较低的抗拉强度。出于这个原因，它通常是钢筋材料强拉（通常是钢） 。具体可以破坏许多过程，如冻结被困水。 Workabilityis the ability of a fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the form/mold properly with the desired work (vibration) and without reducing the
6、 concretes quality. Workability depends on water content, aggregate (shape and size distribution), cementitious content and age (level of hydration) and can be modified by adding chemical admixtures, like superplasticizer. Raising the water content or adding chemical admixtures increases concrete wo
7、rkability. Excessive water leads to increased bleeding (surface water) and/or segregation of aggregates (when the cement and aggregates start to separate), with the resulting concrete having reduced quality. The use of an aggregate with an undesirable gradation can result in a very harsh mix design
8、with a very low slump, which cannot be readily made more workable by addition of reasonable amounts of water.workabilityis 能力的新鲜（塑料）混凝土配合填写表格 /模具适当所需的工作（振动）和不降低混凝土的质量。性取决于水含量，骨料（形状和大小分布） ，水泥含量和年龄（水合程度） ，可以修改添加化学外加剂，如高效减水剂。提高水含量或添加化学外加剂提高混凝土的和易性。过度用水导致出血增加（地表水）和 /或隔离的总量（当水泥和集料开始分开） ，由此产生的混凝土具有降低质量。使用
9、的骨料级配不良可能会导致一个非常严厉的设计具有非常低的衰退，不能轻易更加可行的合理数量的增加。The presence of a pronounced yield point followed by large plastic strains is somewhat unique to steel,存在明显的屈服点和大的塑性应变是有些独特的钢by means of 用，依靠；将；借助于specimen 、 sample 样品a testing machine 试验机stress-strain diagram 应力-应变图tensile test. 拉伸试验。Typical 典型的be prop
10、ortional to 成比例low-carbon steel 低碳钢管high-strength steel 高强度钢yielding 屈服（屈服屈服）ultimate stress 极限应力Fracture 骨折appreciable 可估计的horizontal axis (abscissa) 水平轴（坐标）vertical axis (ordinate) 垂直轴（坐标）the axial strains 轴向应变 proportional limit 比例极限yield stress 屈服应力. elongate plastically 塑性伸长strain harden 应变强化fr
11、acture 断裂Lateral 横向的Contraction 收缩has effect on 有影响的Pronounced 明显的necking 颈缩the dashed line 虚线Diminish 减少withstand 经受cross-sectional area 横截面积ultimate stress 极限应力，最大应力practical purposes 应用场合general characteristics 基本特性in comparison to 在比较general characteristics 一般特性unique to 独特的Aluminum 铝Alloy 合金Tra
12、nsition 转型ductile 延性Brittle 易碎的Ceramics 陶瓷cast iron 铸铁Aluminum alloys 铝合金materials that are brittle 脆性材料Undergo 经历materials that are brittle 脆性材料Establish 建立characteristic stresses 特征应力physical size 物理尺寸pressure vessel 压力容器Adequate 足够的plaster 灰泥slender 薄buckling 屈曲configuration 配置torque 转矩Aerodynamic 气动deflect 偏离sag 下垂misalignment
