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1、单词 1*10=10翻译英译汉 4*6 = 24根据课文回答问题？4*6=24药品说明书 翻译英译汉摘要 汉译英Unit 11: Tablets (The Pharmaceutical Tablets Dosage Form)1.1 text(1) How many kinds of the route of drug administration are there?Can you present these usual dosage forms of the drug that are administered orally? (2) Why does the solid oral dos
2、age form represent the preferred class of drugs that are administered orally?(3) Why do people make liquid dosage forms of drug?(1) The oral route and the parenteral route are the two kinds of the route of drug administration.Tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, and elixirs
3、are usual dosage forms of the drug that are administered orally(2) Tablets and capsules represent unit dosage forms in which one usual dose of the drug has been accurately placed. By comparison, liquid oral dosage forms, such as syrups, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, and elixirs, are usually des
4、igned to contain one dose of medication in 5 to 30 ml. The patient is then asked to measuring his or her own medication using a teaspoon, tablespoon, or other measuring device. Such dosage measurements are typically in error by a factor ranging from 20% to 50% when the drug is self-administered by t
5、he patient.Liquid oral dosage forms have other disadvantages and limitations when compared with tablets. They are much more expensive to ship ( one liquid dosage weighs 5 g or more versus 0.225 to 0.4 g for the average tablet), and breakage or leakage during shipment is a more serious problem with l
6、iquids than with tablets. Taste masking of the drug is often a problem (if the drug is in solution even partially).In addition, liquids are less portable and require much more space per number of doses on the pharmacists shelf.Drugs are in general less stable (both chemically and physically) in liqu
7、id form than in a dry state and expiration dates tend to be shorter.(3) There are basically three reasons for having liquid dosage forms of drug: (1)The liquid form is what the public has come to expect for certain types of products (e.g. cough medicines). (2) The product is more effective in a liqu
8、id form (e.g., many adsorbents(吸附剂) and antacids(抗酸剂). (3) The drug(s) are used fairly commonly by young children or the elderly, who have trouble swallowing the solid oral dosage forms.1. The oral route of drug administration is the most important method of administering drugs for systemic effects.
9、 Except in cases of Insulin therapy, the parenteral(非肠道的) route is not routinely used for self-administration of medication. The topical route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects, with two classes of marketed products: Nitroglycerin for
10、 the treatment of angina and scopolamine for the treatment of motion sickness. Other drugs are certain to follow, but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action.口服给药途径是全身效应用药方法中最为重要的。除了胰岛素治疗，非肠道用药途径不常用在自我服药方面。局部给药途径只是最近才被
11、应用到身体药物输送达到系统效应，有两类上市药物（应用到该方法）：治疗心绞痛药物硝酸甘油和治疗眩晕病的莨菪胺。其它药物也效用此法，但局部给药途径受到系统药物作用的药物有效吸收能力的限制。2. The parenteral route of administration is important in treating medical emergencies in which a subject is comatose or cannot swallow, and in providing various types of maintenance therapy for hospitalized
12、patients.注射给药在处理病人昏迷或者不能吞咽的紧急情况和各种保守治疗的就医病人时十分重要。Nevertheless, it is probable that at least 90% of all drugs used to produce systemic effects are administered by the oral route.然而，大概 90%的全身效应药是通过口服给药的。3. When a new drug is discovered , one of the first questions a pharmaceutical company asks is whet
13、her or not drug can be effectively administered for its intended effect by the oral route. If it cannot, the drug is primarily relegated to administration in a hospital setting or physicians office. If patient self-administration cannot be achieved, the sales of the drug constitute only a small frac
14、tion of what the market would be otherwise.当一种新药被研制出来，制药公司首先考虑的一个问题就是，这种药物是否可以口服。如果这种药物不能口服，它将被交给医院或医师来管理。如果病人不能自主服药，这种药物的市场前景会比口服小得多。4. Of drugs that are administered orally, solid oral dosage forms represent the preferred class of product. The reasons for this preference are as follows.对于口服药，固体的口服
15、剂量方式是被推崇的产品模式。其中的原因如下。5. Tablets and capsules represent unit dosage forms in which one usual dose of the drug has been accurately placed.因为药片和胶囊可以精确地盛放一种药物的通常的单位剂量。6. By comparison, liquid oral dosage forms, such as syrups, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, and elixirs, are usually designed to cont
16、ain one dose of medication in 5 to 30 ml. The patient is then asked to measuring his or her own medication using a teaspoon, tablespoon, or other measuring device. Such dosage measurements are typically in error by a factor ranging from 20% to 50% when the drug is self-administered by the patient.相比之下，口服的液态药物，如糖浆、悬浮液、乳剂、溶液和甘香酒剂，通常被设计为 5-30 毫升一个剂量。患者会被要求用茶匙、大汤匙或其它量器来称量他（或她）的药品。这样的称量方法服药一般会造成 20%到 50%的服药误差。7. Liquid oral dosage forms have other disadvantages and limitations wh
