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1、英语辩论赛技巧（外研社辩论赛思辨和语言训练）Introduction About DebateMATTER 素材1. Matter relates to the issues in debate, the case being presented and the material used to substantiate argumentation.2. The issues under debate should be correctly prioritized (by teams) and ordered (by individuals), dealing with the most im
2、portant/pertinent first.3. Matter should be logical and well reasoned.4. Matter should be relevant, both to the issue in contention and the cases being advanced.5. Matter should be persuasive.wNo new matter is to be introduced during Reply Speeches. The Reply Speech presents teams with an opportunit
3、y to focus on the major issue(s) in the debate and the way in which both teams approach that point of Clash. The Reply Speech should also give an optimistic overview of the general approach to the debate by both sides and focus on the relative merits of the case by the side Replying, and the relativ
4、e weaknesses in the case of the opposing team.wAll speakers should develop positive matter in advancing their respective cases. While an Opposition team may win by demonstrating that the Government has not proved the motion true, they should not rely purely on their rebuttal of the Government case a
5、nd will likely benefit from presenting positive matter in opposition to the motion.MANNER 辩论风格a) Vocal Style: Volume, clarity, pronunciation, pace, intonation, fluency, confidence, and authority.b) Language: Conversational.c) Use of notes: Should not distract, should not be read.d) Eye Contact: With
6、 audience.e) Gesture: Natural, appropriate.f) Sincerity: Believability.g) Personal Attacks: (derogatory comments are not to be tolerated).h) Humor: Effectiveness, appropriateness.METHOD 辩论方法The major influence on an adjudicator must be: Is the speakers and teams Method EFFECTIVE in advancing the cas
7、e?a) Organization: The structuring of individual arguments and ordering of collective arguments in the speeches .b) Issue Selection: The identification of relevant points of clash in the round.c) Perspective: The ability to explain the relevance of individual arguments to the motion being argued.d)
8、Refutation: The willingness and ability to engage and critique the points offered by the opposing team.e) Teamwork: The degree to which the members of a team work together to collectively advance a strategy.How to Choose Motions?Prioritization of 3 Motions Given Based on:a) Knowledge Resource of Tea
9、m membersHow much do we know of this issue?b) Debating Positions of Your TeamWhat advantage will we have with this motion as Government/Opposition team?c) Knowledge of Opposing Teams statusWhat are the strengths/weaknesses of our Opponents in this debate?Case Construction involves:Defining the Motio
10、n & Creating Arguments that support it:Defining the Motion meansa) Clearly stating meanings of “key terms”E.g. “This House believes that professional athletes are good role models for Chinese youth.”b) Establish Team Line (Base Line) & Split:Motion(THBT the world is a global village)Team Line/Base L
11、ine/StanceBecause of the existence of interdependence and common interestSpilt/Case DivisionThis is true in the a) social arena, b) geopolitical realm and c) economic spherec) Creating Arguments that support itwPrioritize the Arguments with the strongest presented first to prove global interdependen
12、ce and growing common interest:wArgument 1 (1stSpeaker)wSocial Arena -evidence, case studies, statistics, trend analysis, etcwArgument 2 (1stSpeaker)wGeopolitics -dittowArgument 3 (2ndSpeaker)wGlobal Economics -dittow3rd Speakers must not carry new argumentsSetting Opposition CasewProposing “Status
13、Quo”“Why change when things are fine now ”wOffering a “Counter Proposal”“Our plan works better than yours .wProvide “Positive Objections”“Yours does not work and will be harmful to”w* Oppn needs to have team line, split, prioritized arguments in 1stand 2ndSpeakers too!Refutation StrategieswWhat are
14、Rebuttals?Arguments raised in response to Oppns arguments. Comprises analysis of why Oppn is wrong, is consistent with own case, as well support/reinforce own team linewHow to do it?State what argument is rebutted, explain flaw(s) in argument, support it with evidence. examples, case studies, and fi
15、nally linking it relevantly to your side of the topic.Rebutting Parts of Argumentsw1. Factual Error: Your argument is factually wrong“Your statistics/example/case studies are wrong because .”w2. Your argument is not supported by any evidence“You merely asserted that . without providing any relevant
16、examples”w3.The consequences of your argument are not acceptable (morally, socially, etc)w“How could you ban smoking in pubs when it violates the right of the smoker and his friends to socialize together ”w4.Not Important: Your argument is correct but has little weight in this debatew“Your policy helps on the minority, the smokers, but what about the majority of the non-smokers who have to inhale second-hand smoke in pubs ”w5.Your argument is illogi
