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1、Passage OneIn the 1962 movie Lawrence of Arabia, one scene shows an American newspaper reporter eagerly snapping photos of men looting a sabotaged train. One of the looters, Chief Auda abu Tayi of the Howeitat clan, suddenly notices the camera and snatches it. Am I in this? he asks, before smashing
2、it open. To the dismayed reporter, Lawrence explains, He thinks these things will steal his virtue. He thinks youre a kind of thief. As soon as colonizers and explorers began taking cameras into distant lands, stories began circulating about how indigenous peoples saw them as tools for black magic.
3、The ignorant natives may have had a point. When photography first became available, scientists welcomed it as a more objective way of recording faraway societies than early travelers exaggerated accounts. But in some ways, anthropological photographs reveal more about the culture that holds the came
4、ra than the one that stares back. Up into the 1950s and 1960s, many ethnographers sought pure pictures of primitive cultures, routinely deleting modern accoutrements such as clocks and Western dress. They paid men and women to re-enact rituals or to pose as members of war or hunting parties, often w
5、ith little regard for veracity. Edward Curtis, the legendary photographer of North American Indians, for example, got one Makah man to pose as a whaler with a spear in 1915-even though the Makah had not hunted whales in a generation. These photographs reinforced widely accepted stereotypes that indi
6、genous cultures were isolated, primitive, and unchanging. For instance, National Geographic magazines photographs have taught millions of Americans about other cultures. As Catherine Lutz and Jane Collins point out in their 1993 book Reading National Geographic, the magazine since its founding in 18
7、88 has kept a tradition of presenting beautiful photos that dont challenge white, middle-class American conventions. While dark-skinned women can be shown without tops, for example, white womens breasts are taboo. Photos that could unsettle or disturb, such as areas of the world torn asunder by war
8、or famine, are discarded in favor of those that reassure, to conform with the societys stated pledge to present only kindly visions of foreign societies. The result, Lutz and Collins say, is the depiction of an idealized and exotic world relatively free of pain or class conflict. Lutz actually likes
9、 National Geographic a lot. She read the magazine as a child, and its lush imagery influenced her eventual choice of anthropology as a career. She just thinks that as people look at the photographs of other cultures, they should be alert to the choice of composition and images.1. The main idea of th
10、e passage is _.A Photographs taken by Western explorers reflect more Westerners perception of the indigenous cultures and the Western values.B There is a complicated relationship between the Western explorers and the primitive peoples.C Popular magazines such as National Geographic should show pictu
11、res of the exotic and idealized worlds to maintain high sales.D Anthropologists ask the natives to pose for their pictures, compromising the truthfulness of their pictures.2. We can infer from the passage that early travelers to the native lands often _.A took pictures with the nativesB gave exagger
12、ated accounts of the native landsC ask for pictures from the nativesD gave the natives clocks and Western dresses3. The author mentions the movie Lawrence of Arabia to _.A show how people in the indigenous societies are portrayed by Westerners.B illustrate how people from primitive societies see cam
13、eras as tools of black magic that steal their virtues.C show how anthropologists portray untruthful pictures of native people.D show the cruel and barbarian side of the native people.4. “But in some ways, anthropological photographs reveal more about the culture that holds the camera than the one th
14、at stares back.” In this sentence, the “one culture that stares back” refers to _.A the indigenous cultureB the Western cultureC the academic cultureD the news business culture5. With which of the following statements would Catherine Lutz most probably agree? A Reporters from the Western societies s
15、hould routinely delete modern elements in pictures taken of the indigenous societies.B The primitive cultures are inferior to the more advanced Western culture. C The western media are not presenting a realistic picture of the faraway societies.D People in the Western news business should try not to
16、 challenge the well-established white middle-class values.Passage TwoThe British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination. Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be conclud
