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1、英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式一、文中夹注格式英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法，一般不使用脚注或者尾注。关于夹注，采用 APA 格式。（一）引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况。1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).2. 作者的姓氏已在正文同
2、一句中出现Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990).3. 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按 APA 的规范不需使用括号夹注In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not onl
3、y in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.4. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang, 2005) （二）引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。1.引用一个作者文献（1）引用内容在一页内Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human rel
4、ationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988, p. 11). （2）引用内容在多页上Newmark (1988, pp. 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documen
5、ts, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法： APA 的规范是(1988, pp. 39-40)。假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如：Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility
6、 for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (1988, p. 11).2.引用多位作者写作的同一文献（1）两位作者（使用&符号连接）Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases. （2）三位作者第一次引用：According
7、to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995). 以后的引用：To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135).(3) 三位作者以上Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued t
8、he internal politics of community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003) 3. 引用同样姓氏的不同作者文献假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如： Well-established SLA researchers (R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge
9、of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002). 引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分，如： (W.Y. Wang, 2003) (L.F. Wang, 2003, p. 213)4. 引用团体作者文献引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如： Retired officers retain access to all of the universitys educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54). 5.
10、 引用无作者文献 引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如： An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser,” 2002).在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。在 APA 的规范，独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。 6. 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字
11、书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如：(1) Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking played a crucial role in discourse organization. (2) Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas experience often have a better command of
12、English than American foreign language majors with no overseas experience have of the language they study (Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986).7. 引用同一作者的多篇文献(1) 中文文献按 APA 规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：(Zhang, 1997) (Zhang, 1999) (Zhang, 2004) 括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发表次序排列，如：(Zhang, 1997,
13、 1999, 2004) （2）英文文献Halliday (1985, 1994) argues that a language is a meaning-making system and that it is a semantic system rather than a formal system.同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别（正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母），如：(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b) 8. 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献，文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列（注意分号的使用），如：Distance fro
14、m health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health care providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment options, poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert Weinert
15、 & Burman, 1994).9. 引用非直接文献论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献 secondary source），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献 primary source）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如：(1) Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.(2) One researcher (Grayso
16、n, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”）。10. 来自互联网文献At the inaugural lecture to mark the official launch of the Halliday Centre of Intelligent Applications of Language Studies (HCLS) at City University of Hong Kong on 26 March, Halliday reiterated that his theory of language “emphasizes the social a
