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1、美国文学简史复习资料美国文学简史复习资料2016 年 12 月 23 日美国文学简史复习资料目录殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学美国浪漫主义早期新英格兰超验主义美国浪漫主义后期美国现实主义文学美国乡土文学美国现代诗歌美国现代小说美国南方文学美国现代戏剧美国黑人文学美国华裔文学美国文学简史复习资料- 0 -殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, named by Captain John Smith PuritanismDoctrines
2、of Puritanism：predestination（命运神定), original sin, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from Gods gracePuritans left Europe for America in order to prove that they were Gods chosen people who would enjoy Gods blessings on earth and in Heaven. They felt that they were exiles under the
3、 special grace of God to establish a theocracy in the New World. Style of writing：the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest；a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the BiblePuritans way of Life：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.In Hawthornes
4、The Scarlet Letter there is a good description of the Puritans life. Main writersWilliam BradfordOf Plymouth Plantation 普利茅斯垦殖记Thomas Paine Common Sense 常识；American Crisis 美国危机；The Rights of Man 人权；The Age of Reason 理性时代Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America 蒸蒸日上的美洲；The Wild Honeysuckle 野金银花Benj
5、amin FranklinAutobiography 富兰克林自传Thomas JeffersonDraft the Declaration of Independence.美国文学简史复习资料- 1 -美国浪漫主义早期RomanticismBackground of Romanticism：Economic boom and national optimism ；Favorable literary milieu: increasing number of magazines ；Foreign influences: the Romantic Movement in Europe. Char
6、acteristics of Romanticism：A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for romantics than reason and common sense. An emphasis on individualism; placing the individual against the group, against authority.Stress on the close relationship
7、between man and nature. Fascination with the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the mysterious, and the strange Cherishing a strong interest in the past, especially the medieval. Features of American Romanticism：New experience in the American Romanticism. The exotic landscape, the fron
8、tier life, the westward expansion, the myth of a New Garden of Eden in America, and the Puritan heritage, etc., these were all materials for an indigenous literature. A deep influence from the American Puritanism. Different from their European counterparts, American romantics tended to moralize, to
9、edify rather than to entertain.The “newness” of the Americans as a nation. The Americans are different from the Europeans. Their ideals of individualism and political equality, and their dream that America was to be a new Garden of eden for man were distinctly American.The New England Poets:Henry W.
10、 Longfellow-A Psalm of Life 人生礼赞Main writersWashington IrvingThe Sketch Book (1819-1820)见闻札记;The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说James Fenimore Cooper美国文学简史复习资料- 2 -Leather-stocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集 ;The Pioneers 拓荒者;The Last of the Mohicans 最后一个莫希干人;The Prairie 大草原;The Pathfinder 探路人;The Deerslayer 猎鹿人新英格
11、兰超验主义 TranscendentalismTranscendentalismas a way of knowing, believes that individuals can intuitively receive higher truths otherwise unavailable through common methods of knowing, thus transcending the limits of rationalism. Some of its major concepts are: It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over
12、-soul（超灵）, as the most important thing in the universe. It emphasized the importance of the individual and believed that the individual was the most important element in society and that the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish. It offered a fresh view of nature as symbolic of the
13、 Spirit or God.SignificanceA group of new writers apply transcendental ideas in their worksWeaknessTranscendentalism tended to become mysticism.sometimes resulted in rampant individualismmake moral indignation an irrelevant emotion. Main writersRalph Waldo Emerson(超验主义领袖）Nature（标志性之作）;The American S
14、cholar 论美国学者Henry David ThoreauWalden:informal,spontaneous and so easy. His sentences are concentrated and vigorous.美国浪漫主义后期High Romantics in fictionNathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet letter 红字；The House of Sever Gables 有七个尖角阁的房子Herman Melville Moby-Dick 白鲸；Pierre 皮埃尔High Romantics in poetry美国文学简史复习资料-
15、 3 - Edgar Allen Poe-the father of modern horror story and detective storyTales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 怪诞故事集；The Raven 乌鸦Literary theories (on poetry)Poetical principlesLength: there is a distinct limit to all works of literary artthe limit of a single sitting. Province: Beauty is the sole l
16、egitimate province of the poem.Tone: Sadness is the tone of Beautys highest manifestation. Melancholy is the most legitimateof all the poetical tones. Death of a beautiful woman is the most poetical topic in the world.The immediate object of poetry is pleasure, not truth. Poe defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty”, and declares that music is theperfection of the
