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1、1 Modernism（现代主义）Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement ， which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2 modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3
2、the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry， fiction， drama， painting， music and architecture.现代主义是全面但运动模糊的术语,在 19 世纪末期开始,在国际上有广泛影响的在 20 世纪的大部分时间。2 现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析理论为其理论的情况。3 这个词属于所有的创造性艺术。特别是诗歌、小说、戏剧、绘画、音乐和建筑。2 Transcendentalism（超验主义） （来 Transcendentalism is literature， philosophi
3、cal and literary movement that flourished in new England from about 1836 to 1860. it is the summit of American Romanticism. it originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church， developing instead their ow
4、n faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy， and from such English authors as Coleridge and Wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious
5、 teachings. Although Transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy， it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimist
6、ic emphasis on individualism， self-reliance， and rejection of traditional authority. The ideas of Transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature， and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden.超验主义是从 1836 至 1860 于新英格兰发起的一场文学，哲学以及艺术运动。即浪漫主义的顶点。由于一小群知识分
7、子反对加尔文教派和唯一神论教派理性的形式主义，他们从而提出人与自然的神圣这一信念。超验主义受到德国浪漫主义哲学以及英国浪漫主义作家柯勒律治和沃兹华斯的影响，还在一定程度上受到东方古典哲学和宗教的影响。尽管超验主义思想并不能算是严格意义上的哲学， 但是它还是有一些基本原则的。超验主义者认为人人都有内在的神性，只有通过接触自然才能使神性与人的天性相互融合。从而超验主义十分强调个人主义，自立，拒绝传统权威思想。超验主义思想在爱默生的 和梭罗的等书中表现得淋漓尽致源：自考 365 网 ）3 American Naturalism（美国自然主义文学）The American naturalists ac
8、cepted the more negative interpretation of Darwins evolutionary theory and used it to accout for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes， their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2） naturalism is
9、evolved from realism when the authors tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality， or to human existence.3Dreiser is a leading figure of his school.美国自然主义者接受了达尔文的进化理论的负面解读,用它来解释行为的那些被认为是
10、文学作品中的人物或多或少地继承的属性的复杂组合,他们的习惯受制于社会和经济力量。2)自然主义是从现实主义当作者在写作的语气变得严肃和同情,但更多的讽刺和悲观。它只不过是一个悲观的哲学方法现实,或人类生存。3 德莱塞是学校的一位领军人物。4 Local Colorism（乡土文学）Generally speaking， the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small， well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the i
11、solated small town.2） Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life， recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality， they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions， they worked from pe
12、rsonal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local.3） major local colorists is Mark Twain.一般来说,地方色彩的著作关注的生活小, 定义良好的地区或省。特点设置是孤立的小镇。2)当地色彩设计师有意识地怀旧历史学家的消失的生活方式 ,记录消失在他们眼前的一份礼物。然而,尽管他们的多愁善感, 他们致力于详细准确描述他们生活的
13、地区,他们从个人工作经验记录当地环境和事实表明, 本地生活是由当地的好奇的条件。3)主要地方色彩是马克吐温。5 The Lost Generation（迷惘的一代）The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers： men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2f
14、ull of youthful idealism， these individuals sought the meaning of life， drank excessively， had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald， Hemingway and John dos Passos.迷惘的一代是第一次使用的一个术语来描述战后
15、一代美国作家: 男人和女人被背叛和空虚的感觉带来的破坏性的战争。2 充满年轻的理想主义, 这些人寻求生命的意义,饮酒过度, 有爱情 ,创建了一些最好的美国文学。3 这三个著名的迷惘的一代的代表是菲茨杰拉德,海明威和约翰多斯帕索斯。6 The Beat Generation（垮掉的一代）（来源：自考 365 网 ）The members of The Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines， who engaged in a spontaneous， sometimes messy， creativity.2 The Beat writers p
16、roduced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style.3 the major beat writings are Allen Ginsbergs Howl. Howl became the manifesto of The Beat Generation.垮掉的一代”的成员是新波西米亚自由思想者,从事自发,有时凌乱, 创造力。2 击败作家产生了写的作品有争议的对其宣传的不合格和不合格的风格。3 主要击败著作是艾伦金斯堡的嚎叫。嚎叫成为垮掉的一代”的宣言。7 Hemingway Code Hero（海明威式英雄）Hemingway Code Hero， also called code hero， is one who， wounded but strong more se
