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1、Unit 15 Computer System Overview (计算机系统概述)A computer is tool for mainpulating and storing information. Generally speaking, A computer is an electronic device that can accept input, process it according to a set of instructions，store the instructions and the results of processing, and produce results
2、 as its output.计算机是为控制和存储信息的工具。一般来说，一台计算机是一种电子装置，可以接受输入，处理它根据一系列指令集，存储的指示和处理结果，并产生作为其输出结果。15.1 Digital Computer (数字计算机 )The digital computer is a digital system that performs various computation tasks. The word “digital” implies that the information in the computer is represented by variables that t
3、ake a limited number of discrete values. The decimal digits 0, 1, 2, , 9, for example, provide 10 discrete values. The first electronic digital computers, developed in the late 1940s, were used primarily for numerical computations. In this case the discrete elements are the digits. From this applica
4、tion the term digital computer has emerged. In practice, digital computers function is more reliable if only two states are used. Because of the physical restriction of components, and because human logic tends to be binary, digital components that are constrained to take discrete values are further
5、 constrained to take only two values and are said to be binary. 数字式计算机是数字系统，执行各种计算任务。单词“数字化”意味着在计算机信息由变量采取了数量有限的离散值的代表。十进制数字 0，1 ，2，.，9，例如: 提供 10 个离散值。第一台电子数字计算机的，在 20 世纪 40 年代末开发的，他们主要用于数值计算。在这种情况下，离散元素的数字。从这个数字电脑一词出现了应用。在实践中，数位电脑的功能是更可靠，如果只有两个国家的使用。由于组件的物理限制，因为人的逻辑往往是二进制，是采取限制离散值的数字组成部分进一步限制到只需要两个
6、值，并说是二进制。Digital computer use the binary number system, which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary digit is called one bit.Information is represented in digital computer in groups of bits. By using various coding techniques , groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers but also othe
7、r discrete symbols, such as decimal digits or letters of the alphabet For example, American Standard Code for Information Interchange originally used 7 bits to form a character .By judicious use of binary arrangements and by using various coding techniques , the groups of bits are used to develop co
8、mplete sets of instructions for performing various types of computations. In contrast to the common decimal numbers that employ the base 10 system . binary number use a base 2 system with two digits : 0 and 1 . The decimal equivalent of a binary number can be found by expanding it into a power serie
9、s with a base of 2. 计算机使用二进制数字数字系统，它有两个数字：0 和 1。二进制位称为一个 bit.Information 是计算机为代表的数字比特组。通过使用不同的编码技术，比特组可向不仅代表二进制数字，还包括其他离散的符号，如十进制数字或字母，例如，美国信息交换标准代码最初使用 7 位，形成一个字符。按二进制安排明智地使用和利用各种编码技术，对位的组用于开发履行计算各类成套指示。相对于常见的十进制数字的基数为 10 聘用制度。二进制数用一个基地 2 两个数字：0 和 1 的系统。一个二进制数相当于十进制可通过扩大成一个拥有两个基地的一系列权力。A computer s
10、ystem consists of hardware system and software system.The hardware system is the physical equipment that you can see and touch,such as the disks and the screen.The software system is the intangible control that governs the computer;it is the total of all the programs that can be run on the computer.
11、A program is list of instructions.Programs tell the hardware what to do. The hardware of the computer is usually divided into three major parts：input and output devices （I/O devices),a Central Processing Unit(CPU),and memory.Software can be classified according to its purpose. Application software i
12、s designed to accomplish real-world tasks in fields such as accounting, entertainment, and enginerring. If youve ever played a video game or typed a paper on a word processor, youve already had some experience with application software programs. System software, on the other hand, controls the compu
13、ter system itself. System software includes not only the complex programs used by technicians create application software in the first place but also the organizational programs needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs.计算机系统由硬件系统和软件系统的硬件系统是物理设备，你可以看到和触摸，如磁盘和 screen.The 软件
14、系统，是无形的控制，支配的电脑，它是总所有的，可以在程序运行的 computer.A 方案是 instructions.Programs 名单告诉硬件该怎么做。计算机的硬件通常分为三个主要部分：输入和输出设备（I / O 设备） ，中央处理单元（ CPU）和 memory.Software 可分为根据其用途。应用软件设计等领域实现会计，娱乐现实世界的任务和工科。如果你打过一个视频游戏或键入一个字处理器文件，你已经有一些应用软件方案的经验。系统软件另一方面，控制计算机系统本身。系统软件不仅包括由技术人员使用复杂的程序创建摆在首位，但还需要应用软件启动计算机并指导其使用其他方案的组织方案。15.2
15、 Data Types(数据类型)Binary information in digital computers is stored in memory or processor registers. Registers contain either data or control information . Control information is a bit or a group of bits used to specify the sequence of command signals needed for manipulation of the data in other reg
16、isters. Data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve required computational results. Now, we present the most common types of data found in digital computer registers.在计算机的二进制数字信息存储在内存或处理器寄存器。寄存器包含数据或控制信息。控制信息是位或 1 位的组使用指定的命令信号序列在其他寄存器的数据处理需要。数据是数字和其他二进制代码信息的经营，以达到预期的计算结果。现在，我们目前在数字计算机寄存器发现数据的最常见的类型。The data types found in the registers of digital computers may be classified as being one of the following categories:数据类型存在于计算机的登记数字可能被视作下
