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1、8.Fracture :Microscopic Aspectsfracture n 断裂microscopic a 微观的macroscopic a 宏观的crack n 裂纹nucleation n 形核propagation n 扩展ductile a 韧性的brittle a 脆性的brittleness n 脆性semi-brittle a 半脆性的failure n 失效coalescence n 连接 void n 空洞cross-sectional 横截面的shear v 剪切transgranular a 穿晶的preferentially adv 优先地intergranul
2、ar a 沿晶的magnification n 放大indentation n 凹陷8.1 morphology n 组织，形态dimple v 生微涡rupture n 断裂necking n 颈缩elastic a 弹性的ceramics n 陶瓷polymer n 聚合物tip n 尖端cleavage fracture 解理断裂grain boundary 晶界crystallographic plane 晶体学面grain n 晶粒craze n 微裂纹tensile a 拉伸的stress concentration 应力集中precursor n 预兆shearing bandi
3、ng 剪切带flow stress 流变应力composite n 复合材料fibrous a 纤维的matrix n 基体reinforcement n 增强bonding n 结合compression n 压缩kinking n 扭断mechanism n 机制plastic a 塑性的microbuckling n 微观弯曲8.2mobile dislocation 可动位错interatomic a 原子间的bond n 键cohesive stress 内聚应力perfect crystal 完整晶体Youngs modulus 杨氏模量defect n 缺陷whisker n 晶
4、须immobile a 不可动的slip plane 滑移面restriction n 限制criterion n 判据fiber n 纤维roll v 轧制heterogeneity n 不均匀性striation n 擦痕interior n 内部air bubble 气泡parameter n 参数inflexibility n 不变性dimple n 韧窝triaxial a 三轴的equiaxial a 等轴的elliptical a 椭圆的elastic-plastic 弹塑性qualitative a 定性的stainless steel 不锈钢interfacial bondi
5、ng 界面结合triaxiality n 三轴，cleavage v 解理，分裂crystallographic a. 结晶学的crystalline n 晶体orientation n. 取向，排列方向facet n 倒角screw dislocation 螺旋位错cleavage step 解理台阶convergence n 会聚face-centered cubic 面心立方体body-centered cubic 体心立方体hexagonal close-packed 密排六方体tungsten n 钨molybdenum n 钼chromium n 铬beryllium n 铍mag
6、nesium n 镁quench v 淬火temper n 回火annealing n 退火crystal lattice 结晶点阵sensitized a 激活trajectory n 轨迹phosphorus n 磷10 .Recovery and Recrystallizationrecovery n 回复recrystallization n 再结晶transformation n 转变 ,相变alloy n 合金melting a 熔化的cold-worked a 冷加工的terminal a 终点的curvature n 曲线Gibbs free energy 吉布斯自由能entr
7、opy n 熵10.1stored energy 储存能subgrain n 亚晶impurity n 杂质extrusion n 挤压thermal a 热的inversely proportion 反比例10.2 relaxation process 驰豫过程vacancy n 空位interstitial atom 间隙原子vacancy motion 空位移动hardness n 硬度resistivity n 电阻率point-defect 点缺陷self-explanatory a 不解自明的elastic strain 弹性应变stacking faults 堆垛层错lattic
8、e defect 点阵缺陷dislocation tangle 位错缠结cellular a 多孔的misoriented a 取向错误的two-dimensional 二维的diffusion n 扩散Laue pattern 劳厄斑diffraction spot 衍射斑点etch-pit technique 点蚀坑技术10.3 vacancy migration 空位迁移self-diffusion 自扩散dislocation climb 位错攀移10.4statistical a 统计的fluctuation n 波动bulge v 凸出来radii radius pl 半径sphe
9、rical a 球的, 球形的protrude v（使）突出 /伸出incubation n 孕育期velocity n 速度、速率coincident 同时发生的subboundary 亚晶界10.5nucleation rate 形核率isothermally ad 等温地impinge vi 撞击linear portion 线形分配nucleus n 核phantom n 模型integrate v 求的积分negligible a 可以忽略的modification n 修正sigmoid a 反曲的decay v 衰退metallographic a 金属结构的potential
10、n 电势、电位mole n 摩尔volume n 体积coefficient n 系数critical a 临界的10.6 dashed curve 点划线inverse relationship 反函数关系brass n 黄铜fine-grained a 细晶的optimize v 优化10.7rod n 棒soft solder 软焊剂bend v 弯曲deformation texture 形变织构annealing texture :退火织构recrystallization texture 再结晶织构cube texture 立方织构mismatch v 错配merit n 优点an
11、isotropy n 各向异性magnetic a 有磁性的sheet n 薄板secondary recrystallization 二次再结晶bracket n 方括弧的一边intersection n 交叉点，交点groove n 沟槽retard v 阻止diameter n 直径concave a 凹的steady-state 稳态的fascinating a 吸引人的tungsten n 钨filament n 灯丝thoria n 二氧化钍creep v 蠕变resistance n 阻力undoped a 无搀杂的sketch n 略图interlock v 连接dope v
12、掺入dopant n 搀杂物sintering n 烧结物volatilize v （使）挥发ingot n 铸锭fiber texture 纤维织构submicroscopic a 亚显微的pore n 气孔Chapter 14 Some Applications of Physical Metallurgymetallurgy n 冶金学manipulate v 操作optimize a 最佳化weld joint n 焊点solder joint n 焊接点device n 仪器14.1strengthening mechanism 强化机制work hardening 加工硬化soli
13、d solution hardening 固溶硬化particle hardening 粒子硬化burgers vector 柏氏矢量virtually ad 实际上reciprocal 倒易的flow stress 流动应力foreign atom 异类原子misfit n 错配interstitical a 间隙的symmetrical a 对称的octahedral void 八面体空位unsymmetric a 不对称的tetragonal a 正方形的screw n 螺钉dilatational a 膨胀的distortion n 扭转，畸变etch v 侵蚀dilute hydro
14、fluoric acid 稀释氢氟酸膜14.2 nitrogen n 氮reveal v 揭示amorphous a 非晶的gauge n 标距bulk n 整体Charpy impact test 摆锤式冲击试验torch n 焊灯horizontal a 水平的synonymous a 同义的cast iron 铸铁flake n 薄片nodular a 球状的graphite n 石墨quote v 引用homogenization n 均匀性corrosion n 腐蚀weldability n 焊接性formability n 成形性machinability n 可加工性reliability n 可靠性whisker 金属晶须pearlitic a 珠光体的 ultimate a 基本的patent n 专利lamellar a 层状的cellular a 多孔的substructure n 亚结
