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1、English PoetryThe Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry 1.What is poetry?Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language.Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined
2、 to be the expression of the imagination.Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty.Poetry is the image of man and nature. 诗言志，歌咏言。 -虞书诗言志之所以也。在心为志，发言为诗。情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。情发于声；声成文，谓之音。-诗大序诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种完成 的艺术。 -艾青：诗论2.The Sound System of Eng
3、lish Poetrya. The prosodic featuresProsody (韵律)-the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo【音乐】速度；拍子, stress and pitch features of a language. Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed.eg. 故人/西辞/黄鹤楼，烟花/三月/下扬州。孤帆/远影/碧空尽，唯见/长江/天际流。-李白：黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵Stress: The prosody of English poetry is
4、 realized by stress. Onestressed syllable always comes together with one or moreunstressed syllables.eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /brightIn the /forest /of the/ night,What im/mortal /hand or /eyeCould frame thy/ fearful /symme/try? -W. BlakeLength: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect.
5、eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly oer the lea,The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.-Thomas GrayLong vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate,tense and exciti
6、ng.Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry.b. Meter or measure (格律)Rhythm is the distinctive feature of poetry, and the rhythm of a poem comesfrom the meter and foot. Foot is the basic unit of meter or measure in poetry.(poem-stanza/strophe-line/verse-foot-arsis + thesis)Meter or me
7、asure refers to the formation way of stressed and unstressed syllables. Four common meters: a) Iambus; the iambic foot (抑扬格)eg. She walks/ in beau/ty, like/ the nightOf cloud /less climes/ and star/ry skies;And all/ thats best /of dark/ and brightMeet in /her as /pect and /her eyes. -Byronb) Trochee
8、; the trochaic foot（扬抑格）eg. Never /seek to/ tell thy/ love,Love that/ never/ told can/ be. -Blakec) Dactyl; the dactylic foot （扬抑抑格）eg. Cannon to/ right of them,Cannon to/ left of them.Cannon in/ front of them,Volleyd and/ thunderd. -Tennysond) Anapaest; the anapestic foot（抑抑扬格）eg. Break,/ break, /b
9、reak,On thy cold /grey stones,/ O sea!And I would /that my tongue/ could utterThe thought/ that arise /in me. -Tennyson c) Other metersAmphibrach mfibrk n. (希腊和拉丁古典诗韵律)短长短三音节音步，抑扬抑格(如 romantic 等词的读音), the amphibrachy foot (抑扬抑格)；Spondee spndi: (扬扬格)；Pyrrhic pirik (抑抑格) n. (诗歌)含两个短音节或轻读音节的音步，二短音步，抑抑格
10、 亦作 dibrach；d) Actalectic foot (完整音步) and Cactalectic ,ktlektik foot（不完整音步）Cactalectic adj.【韵律学】最后音步缺一个音节的n. 最后音步缺少音节的诗行,不完整诗行 参较 acatalectic, hypercatalecticeg. Rich the / treasure,Sweet the / pleasure. (actalectic foot)Tiger,/ tiger, /burning /bright,In the/ forest/ of the/ night. (cactalectic foo
11、t )e) Types of footmonometer(一音步)dimeter（二音步）trimeter（ 三音步）tetrameter（四音步）pentameter（五音步）hexameter（六音步）heptameter（七音步）octameter（八音步）We have iambic monometer, trochaic tetrameter, iambicpentameter, anapaestic trimeter, etc., when the number of foot and meter are taken together in a poem.C. RhymeWhen
12、two or more words or phrases contain an identicalor similar vowel sound, usually stressed, and theconsonant sounds that follow the vowel sound areidentical and preceded by different consonants, a rhyme occurs.It can roughly be divided into two types:internal rhyme and end rhymeInternal rhymea) allit
13、eration: the repetition of initial identical consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, esp. stressed syllables.eg. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free. -ColeridgeI slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,Among my skinning swallows. -T
14、ennysonWhereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.-Shakespeare“Consonant cluster” (辅音连缀)“internal or hidden alliteration” (暗头韵) as in“Here in the long unlovely street” (Tennyson)The Scian & the Teian muse,The heros harp, the loves lute,Have found the
15、 fame your shores refuse.-Byronb) Assonance (腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音)：the repetition of similar or identical vowel sounds in a line ending with different consonant sounds.(assonance sunns n.1.【语音学】(一系列词或音节中的)谐音 2.【诗学】半谐音，准押韵(只有元音押韵，辅音不押韵，如 late-make； 或只有辅音押韵，元音不押韵，如 killed-cold)亦称作 vowel rhyme 3.部分相似(或相同) ，部分一致(或相应)eg. Do not go gentle into that nightOld age should burn and rave at close of day.Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words have forked no lightning theyDo
