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1、Civil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction. The civ
2、il rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segre
3、gation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Segregation was an attempt by white Southerners to separate the races in every aspects of life and to achieve supremacy over blacks. Segregation was often called the
4、 Jim Crow system. Segregation became common in Southern states following the end of Reconstruction in 1877. During Reconstruction, which followed the Civil War (1861-1865), Republican governments in the Southern states were run by blacks, Northerners, and some sympathetic Southerners. The Reconstruc
5、tion governments had passed laws opening up economic and political opportunities for blacks. By 1877 the Democratic Party had gained control of government in the Southern states, and these Southern Democrats wanted to reverse black advances made during Reconstruction. To that end, they began to pass
6、 local and state laws that specified certain places “For Whites Only” and others for “Colored.” Blacks had separate schools, transportation, restaurants, and parks, many of which were poorly funded and inferior to those of whites. Over the next 75 years, Jim Crow signs went up to separate the races
7、in every possible place.Throughout the South, segregation had the support of the legal system and the police. Beyond the law, however, there was always the threat of terrorist violence against blacks who attempted to challenge or even question the established order. During Reconstruction, the Ku Klu
8、x Klan (KKK), the Knights of the White Camellia, and other terrorist organizations murdered thousands of blacks and some whites in order to prevent them from voting and participating in public life. The civil rights movement was the struggle for equal rights for blacks in the 1950s. it started with
9、an event called the Montgomery bus boycott. Before 1955, buses in Montgomery, Alabama were segregated. Whites sat in the front of the bus; blacks had to sit in the back. One day Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, was on her way home from work. The bus became crowded, and she was told to give her seat t
10、o a white man because this was the law. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat. She was arrested and fined. This incident angered Montgomerys black community. It was time to change the law, community leaders decided. And they boycotted the buses. The boycott which was led by Martin Luther King, last
11、ed for over a year. In November 1956 the Supreme Court upheld a federal court decision that ruled the bus segregation unconstitutional. The decision went into effect December 20, 1956, and the black community of Montgomery ended its boycott the next day.In 1957 nine black students desegregated Littl
12、e Rock, Arkansass Central High School, despite strong resistance by many white members of the community. President Dwight Eisenhower called out federal troops to enforce the desegregation and to ensure the safety of the students. Shown here are six of the “Little Rock Nine.” With them, in the center
13、 of the picture, are Thurgood Marshall, then a lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and Daisy Bates, president of the Little Rock NAACP.Civil Rights Movement in the United StatesCivil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social stru
14、ggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s
15、. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott i
16、n 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction.Segregation“Whites Only” Waiting RoomA black man is ordered out of a “whites only” waiting room. Separate facilities for blacks and whites were maintained throughout the South from the end of the 19th century until the 1960s.Segregation was
