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1、 Fill-in-the-Blank1. The science of geology is divided into two broad areas_physical_ geology and _historical_ geology.2. C12 has 6 protons（质子）. How many protons does C 13 have? _6_ How many neutrons （中子）does C13 have? _7_ Nitrogen-14 (N14) has 6 protons and 8 neutrons: true or false? _false_3.When
2、basalt lava is chilled rapidly in an ocean or lake, it forms bulbous structures called _pillow lava_.4. The type of metamorphism that occurs over large areas, commonly at convergent plate margins, and is responsible for the production of most metamorphic rocks is _regional_.5. The most accurate radi
3、ometric dates are obtained from _igneous_ rocks. Only in very unusual circumstances can _sedimentary/metamorphic_ rocks be radiometrically dated.6. The principle of original horizontality states that _sedimentary_ rocks were deposited in horizontal layers. Thus, if rock layers are now _tilted/dippin
4、g_, they must have been disturbed after lithification.7. The _magnitude_ of an earthquake on the Richter Scale is determined by measuring the _amplitude_ of the largest recorded seismic wave.8. The velocities of P- and S-waves are determined by these two properties of the material they are passing t
5、hrough: _density_ and _elasticity_.9. Strike-slip faults are caused by _shearing_ forces.10. A flat-topped seamount is called a(n) _guyot_. Short Answer Question1. What is the difference between an active volcano and a dormant volcano?An active volcano has erupted during historic time; a dormant vol
6、cano has not erupted recently but may do so in the future.2. What does a porphyritic texture tell about the history of an igneous rock?The magma cooled at two rates, first slowly, probably underground, then more rapidly3. Briefly explain why the study of sedimentary environments is important in the
7、study of historical geology.Historical geology is concerned with understanding what events have taken place in the history of the Earth and in what order. By using sedimentary rocks and the study of their depositional environments, geologists can determine what processes have occurred on the surface
8、 of the Earth and when they occurred.4. What is the difference between slate and phyllite?Grain size. Phyllite grains are larger, although they are still too small to be seen. The grains give the rock a glossy or lustrous sheen.5. What kind of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) have been most
9、 important in determining absolute age dates for the geologic time scale? Explain why.Igneous rocks because they can be radiometrically dated.6. What are the six fundamental geologic principles which are used in relative dating?superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, cross-cutting
10、 relationships, inclusions, fossil succession.7. Explain the differences between the magnitude and the intensity of an earthquake, in terms of how each is measured or observed.Magnitude is measured by instruments (seismographs), while intensity is measured by peoples reactions and observations.8. Wh
11、at is the difference between elastic and plastic deformation?After elastic deformation, the material returns to its original shape; after plastic deformation, the material stays deformed.9. What does compression stress result from?Compression stress results from external forces directed toward one a
12、nother.10. What causes submarine hydrothermal vents?Seawater seeps into cracks in the oceanic crust, is heated by hot rock at depth, and rises to the seafloor to be discharged as hot springs. Short Answer Essay Questions1. How do a rock and a mineral differ?A rock is a naturally occurring aggregate
13、of minerals, while minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline solids. Rocks are made up of minerals, not vice versa.2. When looking at a hand sample of an igneous rock, how would you tell if it is plutonic or volcanic?If the texture is phaneritic, the magma cooled slowly, and the rock i
14、s plutonic. If the texture is aphanitic, the magma cooled rapidly, and the rock is volcanic.3. How does elastic rebound theory explain when earthquakes occur?Where the rocks on the opposite side of a fault are on pieces of crust that are moving in different directions, the rocks are initially locked
15、 in place by their strength and friction. The rocks do not move but they do deform. As the pressure builds, the strength of the rocks is eventually exceeded. They rebound to their original shape, but the crust on either side of the fault has moved to a new location. 4. What are some uses of metamorp
16、hic rocks such as marble, slate, sulfide ore, talc, graphite, and clay?Marble is used as a building stone; some of the worlds most beautiful sculptures have been carved from it. Slate is also used as a building stone; in some regions where it is commonly found, it makes up the roofs of all the buildings. Sulfide ore minerals are some of the most important metals that we use in modern society. In addition, we use talc for talcum powder, graphite for pencils, garnets and cor
