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1、I. Literal TranslationSimile:She sat like patience on a monument, smiling at grief.她坐在纪念碑上，像个木偶人，对悲哀一笑置之。He drove as if possessed by the devil.他着魔似的驾车狂奔。As cold as ice 冰冷/as hot as fire 火热/as hard as a rock 坚如磐石 /as light as feather(air)轻如鸿毛/as busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌 /as bold as a lion 像狮子一样勇敢 /as ch
2、eerful as a lark 像云雀一样快活/as blind as a bat 瞎得像只蝙蝠/as cool as a cucumber 非常冷静/as sharp as a needle十分精明/as tight as a drum 非常不肯花钱 As sure as a gun 一点不错As black as ink(night/pitch)/as clear as crystal/as cheap as dirt/as close as an oyster/as cunning as a fox/as deep as a well/as fit as a fiddle/as gen
3、tle as a lamb/as green as grass/as free as air(a bird)/as fat as a pig/as easy as ABC/as fresh as a rose/as happy as a king/as heavy as lead/as innocent(helpless) as a new-born babe/as hungry as a hunter/as obstinate(stubborn) as a mule/as nervous as a kitten(cat)/as old as the hills(time)/as proud(
4、vain) as a peacock/as quiet(silent, still) as the grave(tomb)/as strong as a horse(an ox)/as smooth as velvet/as sweet as honey/as wise as Solomon(an owl)/as sober as a judgeClothes or no clothes, I can read you like a book. (Ma Hongjun, P.24) MetaphorJanes uncle is an old fox, up to all kinds of ev
5、ils.简的叔叔是个老狐狸，什么坏事都干得出来。After that long talk, Jim became the sun in her heart.那次长谈之后，吉姆成了她心中的太阳。So, gently close the door on yesterday and throw the key away. 那么，何不轻轻扣上昨天的门扉，将那钥匙扔掉？Personification“Dont talk to me about no opportunity any more. Opportunitys knocking down every door in the country, tr
6、ying to get in. When I was young, a man had to go out and find opportunity and drag it home by the ears.”休说什么机会难逢。机会正在国内每家每户敲门，想要进去呢。我年轻那会儿，人们得出门去寻找机会，揪着耳朵把它拖回来。How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year.时间，这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷，盗窃了我二十又三年飞走了。HyperboleHe ran
7、down the avenue, making a noise like ten horses at a gallop.他在林荫道上跑着，发出的声音像十匹马在奔腾。She is the prettiest girl in the world.EuphemismHer daughter is rather weak in the head.他的女儿脑子不太好使。Thousands of people flocked to the hospital to pay their respects to the remains of the great film star.成千上万的人涌进医院，瞻仰这位
8、伟大的影星的遗容。She is in a delicate situation.Finally, life flickers out and one goes into eternal sleep, never to wake up again. 最后，生命的火光闪灭了，一个人永远长眠不再醒了。Metonymy 转喻（相当于汉语中一般的借代）His wife spent all her life on the stage.Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。Gray hair should be respected.老年人应受到尊敬。Ellipsis(asyndeto
9、n 连词省略)They smiled, shook hands, parted.He has provided the poor with jobs, with opportunity, with self-respect.Periphrasis 折绕（故意绕弯子）Her olfactory system was suffering from a temporary inconvenience.她的嗅觉系统暂时有些不便。 （她鼻塞）His brother is a disturber of the piano keys.他哥哥是一个跟钢琴找麻烦的人。 （钢琴家）Hypallage(transf
10、erred epithet)移就（将用于人的形容词用于物）among others (such as Metonymy, synecdoche etc.), a violation of Semantic Selection Restrictions, a figure of speech based upon Contiguity (rather than Similarity) where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify
11、 (usually a person) to another to which it does not really belong (usually a thing or idea). 1. Its different from personification in that personification depicts things as persons or vice versa, while transferred epithet is only a transfer from the noun it usually modifies. Cf:我的车子缓缓驰过 快乐的绿林翠木 ，驰过那
12、阳光之下奇花盛开的山谷。 （海涅诗歌集.抒情插曲 ）transferred epithet“快乐”here is the speakers inner feelings, and is transferred to depict the green forests. The focus here is not on the forests but on my feelings.那是 力争上游的一种树 ，笔直的干，笔直的枝。 （茅盾白杨礼赞 ）personification the focus here is on the birch. It is bestowed with personal
13、qualities. There is no transfer of modification from man on objects.2. It is also different from metaphor in that the former is based on Contiguity, whereas the latter is a comparison based upon Similarity. Cf:angry waves (metaphor)an angry book (TE, Transferred epithet)bright future, flying rapture
14、, buried memory, the thirsty ground, pitiless cold, a frowning rock, our unwearied and unsubsidized allies, 反客为主的比喻如 a hell of a life, an angel of a woman, a mountain of a wave, a hogshead of a chest (metaphors)a sleepless night, a sleepless bed, a mad house, an understanding smile, a sympathetic lo
15、ok, an annoyed look, angry words, a malignant speech, dumb anger, careless days, nervous hours, merry bells, weary way, The Grapes of Wrath (John Steinbeck), these dizzy heights, an easy writer, easy money, a reassuring arm. -They prolonged the clasp for the photographers, exchanging smiling words.
16、(H. Wouk, The Winds of War)为了让摄影师拍照，他们延长握手的时间，微笑着交谈。-A wink and a one-liner instantly changed the dinner from a red-faced embarrassment to a conspiracy of fun. (W.D. Ellis, Solve That Problem with Humour)使下眼色，讲一句笑话立刻改变了宴会的气氛，原来大家红脸相对，窘态百出，一下变得和谐有趣。-Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention, saying nothing, and applauding heartily with the rest. (H Wouk, The Winds of War) 富兰克林.罗斯福目光炯炯，满脸笑容，聚精会神地听着；他没说什么，只是跟大伙儿开心地鼓掌喝彩。After a happy day, she had a
