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1、1Chapter 1 IntroductionI. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 1. If a study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic2. Which of the followin
2、g is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable4. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _. A. in lin
3、guistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue.D. All of the above5. A historical study of language is a _ study of language.
4、A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative6. Saussure took a(n) _ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view. A. sociological, psychological B. Psychological, sociologicalC. applied, pragmatic D. semantic, linguistic7. According to F. de Saussure, _ refe
5、rs to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. parole B. performance C. Langue D. language8. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _ and meanings. A. sense B. Sounds C. objects D. ideas9. Language can be used to refer
6、 to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_. A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission210. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _ , rather than by instinct. A. learning B. teach
7、ing C. books D. both A and BII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. D_ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher
8、 level of meaningful units. 2. Language is a system of a_ vocal symbols used for human communication. 3. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_. 4. Human capacity for language has a g _ basis, but the details of lan
9、guage have to be taught and learned. 5. P _ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.6. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a_ linguistics.7. Language is p_ in that it makes po
10、ssible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.III. Define the following terms.1. Syntax 2. Applied linguistics 3. Arbitrariness 4. Displacement5. Duali
11、ty 6. Design featuresIV. Answer the following questions. 1. A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as self-confidence, confident threat, lack of tension, uncer
12、tain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language 3similar to mans? If not, Why not?2. Why does modern
13、 linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? 3. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?4. Saussures distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major
14、differences?Suggested answersI. l. C 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. DII. 1. Duality 2. arbitrary 3. syntax 4. genetic 5 . Parole 6. applied 7. productiveIII. 1. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. 2. Applied linguistics: In a nar
15、row sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 3. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 4. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or
