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1、Comment H1: 慈善的Comment H2: 公用事业公司、市政公司，比如电力公司、煤气公司、自来水公司之类Comment H3: 瞬间的、即刻的Comment H4: 完全的、十足的；纯粹的、不掺假的Comment H5: 瞎弄、擅自更改；窜改Comment H6: 绝无错误的Comment H7: 朦胧诗Comment H8: 线轴、线管；（录音带的）卷轴、 （胶片、打字机的）卷筒Comment H9: （使人）窒息；哽住；难以呼吸Comment H10: （行动等）自然发生的、自发的Unit 14 To Err Is HumanEveryone must have had at
2、least one personal experience with a computer error by this time. Bank balances are suddenly reported to have jumped from $379 into the millions, appeals for charitable contributions are mailed over and over to people with crazy-sounding names at your address, department stores send the wrong bills,
3、 utility companies write that theyre turning everything off, that sort of thing. If you manage to get in touch with someone and complain, you then get instantaneously typed, guilty letters from the same computer, saying,” Our computer was in error, and an adjustment is being made in your account.”如今
4、，几乎每个人都经历过电脑出错带来的麻烦。银行通知的贷款余额忽然从 379美元飞涨至数百万美元；呼吁给那些名字听起来稀奇古怪的人进行慈善捐助的信件三番五次地寄往你的地址；部门商店发送错误的账单；公共事业公司说他们将要关闭供给，诸如此类。如果你打印了，同一台电脑出来的致歉信上写道：“我们的电脑出现了错误，正在调整您的账目。 ”These are supposed to be the sheerest, blindest accidents. Mistakes are not believed to be part of the normal behavior of a good machine.
5、If things go wrong, it must be a personal, human error, the result of fingering, tampering, a button getting stuck, someone hitting the wrong key. The computer, at its normal best, is infallible.这些意外事故纯粹是无意识的过错。人们认为，出错不是一个性能良好的机器的正常行为。如果出了错，那一定是人为的错误，如指法错误，乱碰键盘，按键失灵，按错了键。最佳正常工作状态下的电脑是不会出差错的。I wonder
6、 whether this can be true. After all, the whole point of computers is that they represent an extension of the human brain, vastly improved upon but nonetheless human, superhuman maybe. A good computer can think clearly and quickly enough to beat you at chess, and some of them have even programmed to
7、 write obscure verse. They can do anything we can do, and more besides.我想知道这会是真的么。毕竟，电脑的本质是人脑的延伸，在此之上大为提升，但仍具有人性的特点，或许说具有超人类的特征。好的电脑可以足够清晰快速地思考，在下棋中打败你。它们有些甚至可以被编程写朦胧诗。它们能做任何我们能做的事，更多的是我们做不了的。It is not yet known whether a computer has its own consciousness, and it would be hard to find out about thi
8、s. When you walk into one of those great halls now built for the huge machines, and stand listening, it is easy to imagine that the faint, distant noises are the sound of thinking, and the turning of the spools gives them the look of wild creatures rolling their eyes in the effort to concentrate, ch
9、oking with information. But real thinking, and dreaming, are other matters.电脑是否有它自己的意识还未可知，也很难找到答案。当你走进那些现在建来放巨大机器的大厅其中的一间，站着听，很容易把微弱遥远的声响想象成思考的声音，转轴的转动让它们看起来像野兽转动它们的眼睛，试图努力集中，因为信息而拥塞。但是真正的思考和做梦，又是另一回事。On the other hand, the evidences of something like an unconscious, equivalent to ours, are all aro
10、und, in every mail. As extensions of the human brain, they have been constructed with the same property of error, spontaneous, uncontrolled, and rich in Comment H11: 把嵌进Comment H12: （植物的）结节、瘤；（人体的）小节瘤Comment H13: 本事、技巧；秘诀Comment H14: 无缺点的、完善的Comment H15: 缓冲储备Comment H16: 小数Comment H17: 备忘录Comment H1
11、8: （对人）滔滔不绝地演讲Comment H19: 亲切的、和蔼可亲的possibilities.另一方面，每条信息里都有一种无意识的相当于我们人脑的东西存在的证据随处可见。作为人脑延伸的电脑，其构造同样具有出错的特性，自发的、不受控制的，各种可能性都有。Mistakes are at the very base of human thought, embedded there, feeding the structure like root nodules. If we were not provided with the knack of being wrong, we could ne
12、ver get anything useful done. We think out way along by choosing between right and wrong alternatives, and the wrong choices have to be made as frequently as the right ones. We get along in life this way. We are built to make mistakes, coded for error.出错是人类思维所固有的，扎根于人脑之中，像根瘤一样维持着脑组织。假如不从犯错中有所收获，我们也许
13、无法做成任何有用的事。我们考虑事情时需在正误之间做出选择，而且错误的选择通常同正确的一样多。我们的生活之路就是这样，注定会犯错误，为错误编码。We learn, as we say, by “trial and error.” Why do we always say that? Why not “trial and rightness” or “trial and triumph”? The old phrase puts it that way because that is, in real life, the way it is done.正如我们自己所说，我们通过“尝试出错” 。为什
14、么我们总这样说呢？而不是“尝试正确”或者是“尝试成功”？这句老话之所以这么说是因为现实生活就是这样。A good laboratory, like a good bank or a corporation or government, has to run like a computer. Almost everything is done flawlessly, by the book, and all the numbers add up to the predicted sums. The days go by. And then, if it is a lucky day, and a
15、 lucky laboratory, somebody makes a mistake: the wrong buffer, something in one of the blanks, a decimal misplaced in reading counts, the warm room off by a degree and a half, a mouse out of his box, or just a misreading of the days protocol. Whatever, when the results come in, something is obviousl
16、y screwed up, and then the action can begin.好的实验室，正如好的银行或者政府，必须像电脑一样运行。几乎每件事都得做到循规蹈矩、完美无缺，所有的数字累加起来需达到预计的数目。十年如一日。然而，在某个幸运的一天，一个幸运的实验室，有个人犯了个错误：缓存器坏了，一个空白表格被填写内容，读数中的小数点点错，温室降温 1.5度，鼠标出了故障或者是当天的试验报告数据的错读。无论什么原因，当结果出来时，显然有什么地方出毛病了，于是，新的探索行动便开始了。The misreading is not the important error; it opens the way. The next step is the crucial one. If the investigator can bring himself to say,” But even so, look at that!” then the new fin
