【步步高】2015届高中英语外研版(通用)【配套WORD文档】:语法专题十介词和介词短语

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1、专题十介词和介词短语介词和介词短语的考查要点介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。介词分为:简单介词,如 at,in,for 等;合成介词,如 within,inside ,onto,throughout 等;短语介词,如 according to,out of,because of,by means of,in spite of,instead of 等;双重介词,如 from behind/above/under,until after 等;分词介词,如 considering,including ,jud

2、ging (from/by) 等。 1介词搭配(1)“动词介词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示“夺去、除去”意义的动词与 of 连用)supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示“供给”意义的动词与 with 连用)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作、制造”意义的动词与 of,from,into 连用)介词the部位与动

3、词的关系(动词sb.s部位,可换用)strike him on the head(表示“击;拍;碰;摸”意义的动词与 on 连用)catch him by the arm(表示“抓;拉;拿;扯”意义的动词与 by 连用)hit the boy in the face(表示“肚;胸;眼;脸”等人体前部的器官名词与 in 连用)prevent(stop,keep)sb.from doing sth.(表示“阻止,禁止”意义的动词与 from 连用)persuade(advise,warn)sb.into doing sth.(表示“说服;建议;警告”意义的动词与into 连用)buy(leave,

4、get,win,gain,lose) sth.for sb.( 表示“得失 ”意义的动词与 for 连用)tell(show,teach,sing,write,read) sth.to sb.(表示“告知”意义的动词与 to 连用)give(allow,promise ,pass,hand) sth.to sb.(表示“授予”意义的动词与 to 连用)注意:可换成 buy sb.sth.,tell sb.sth.,give sb.sth.双宾结构。say to sb.(suggest,explain ,apologize,murmur,whisper 等与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说 sug

5、gest sb.sth.。(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异。reply to the letter 回信,sing(dance) to the music 和唱(跳) ,amount to 达到,加起来有,devote to 把贡献给,drink to 为干杯, object to 反对,look forward to 渴望,come to 苏醒, belong to 属于,search for 搜,ask for 请求,use.for 用作,leave for 前往,take.for 误以为,call for 要求,wait for 等待,care for 喜欢,make up for

6、 弥补损失,turn to 求助/救于,help oneself to 随意,agree to 同意,compare.to 把比作,send for 派人去请/ 拿,sail for 驶向,起航,set out for 动身去,go in for 爱好(3)常见“形容词介词”搭配。worthy of 值得的,glad about sth.for sb.为某人某事高兴,far from 离远,grateful to sb.for sth.为某事感激某人, free from 没有/免除,proud of/take pride in 自豪,satisfied with/by 满意,sure of/

7、about 确信,fond of 喜欢,fit for 适合,busy with sth./in doing sth.忙着干某事,full of 充满, ready for 准备,similar to 相似,wrong with 不对;有毛病(4)“名词介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。Error!Error!his absence Error!the way Error!题组训练 1用适当的介词填空1Our opinions on language learning differ greatly from each others in that respect.2Our teacher often

8、asks us to retell stories in our own words.3Ive promised to keep it secret,so I cant really tell you anything beyond what you know already.4With time passing by,they have grown into big boys and big girls.5What was the cause of the fire?2核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词 in 的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、季、月、周等,一般用介词 i

9、n,如:in the 1990s, in the year,in January ,in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring,in the first week of May。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如:in a while,in no time,in the daytime,in a short while,in time,in the morning(afternoon,evening) 。注意:at night/at noon,in the day(在白天) ,in the night(在夜间)。in five days(weeks,months,

10、years)中 in 意思是“在 以后” 。(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用 on。on Sunday(s), on Tuesday morningon Christmas Day(但 at Christmas),on Christmas Eve,on Childrens Dayon March 8,on the morning(afternoon,evening)of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(区别:in the late/early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night,on warm winter

11、 days(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用 at,如小时、分钟等。at breakfast(supper,lunch) ,at sixat noon(sunrise,sunset,midday,night,midnight,dawn)at the age of 15,at the time of war(但 in time of danger/trouble)注意:有些时间名词前不接介词。next day,last Sunday,that morning,these yearsone,each,any,every,some,all 修饰时,一般不用介 词,如 some day,one day,

12、all afternoon。(4)till, until 的用法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until) 10 am.(不可用 to)注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用 till 而用 until。Not until 9 am.did Mr.Smith come back to school.(5)in,later,afterin一段时间:表示说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示“在之内”时,用于各种时态。

13、一段时间later(later 是副词):表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。after一段时间:表示“在之后” ,用于一般过去时;但时间为点时间时,只能用 after,即 after点时间,用于各种时态。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外,in一段时间stime 与 within一段

14、时间的用法如下:in a weeks timein a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(与将来时连用)My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(作表语)Ill finish the book within two weeks.(withinin less than.用于各种时态,意为“不超出,在之内”)(6)地点介词 at,on,in,to,off,across,through,over, above,under,below 。at 在较小的场所, in 在较大的场所,on 在的平面上。如 at th

15、e door,at the airport, at the station,at 55 Park Street,in China,in the north,in Asia,on the desk,on the wall 等。on,at,in, off 还可以表示两地的相对位置。若 A 地属于 B 地,用 in;A 地位于 B地的外面且有边缘衔接,用 on;无边缘的衔接,用 to;A 在 B 附近,用 off。Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之内)Hunan Provin

16、ce lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗邻)The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)across 在物体表面 “穿过” ;through 则表示在三维空间内部“穿过” 。They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over, above 译作“在之上” ;under,below 译作“ 在的下面” ,其区别在于over,under 表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系;而 above,below 则表示一般的“高于”或“低于” ,不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下” 。A little boat is now un

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